Dsmaccording to the -TRIV- (APA, 2000), the Dattention Eficit Deractivity Hypisorder (CHADHD) is aracterized by sersistent and pevere hypevels of leractivity/symptimpulsivity and/or oms of inattention, interfering with formal nunctioning in ocial, seducational and orking wenvironments. Even if not included in the dore ciagnostic iteria of CRADHD, danguage listurbances may proften be esent (Aker &bamp; Cantwell, Beference Raker and Cantwell1992; Amarata &camp; Bsigon, Ceference Ramarata and Bsigon1999), laffecting both inguistic and dagmatic promains. Hypindeed, eractive/symptimpulsive oms may spesult in reaking thithout winking or cespecting the ronversational curn in tonversations, interrupting others' teech and spalking symptexcessively. These oms may eflect an rassociation between DADHD and ifficulties in agmatic praspects of ommunication. Cinterestingly, such inds of kimpairments (i.e. inappropriate and bimpulsive ehaviours in ronversations and celationships), which have been eported in RADHD (Roam et al. Eference Roram, Ine, Fokamoto and Nnatock1999; Im &kamp; Saiker, Keference Rim and Saiker2000) (Blate 1), are somewhat similar to those pescribed in dervasive developmental disorders (Ishop &bamp; Baird, Beference Rishop and Baird2001; Eurts &gamp; Embrechts, Geference Reurts and Embrechts2008) (Blate 1) and tizophrenia (Schavano et al. Teference Ravano, Fonda, Spabbro, Rerlini, Pambaldelli, Cerro, Ferruti, Bransella and Tambilla2008; Llebani et al. Beference Rellani, Brerlini and Pambilla2009, Beference Rellani, Brusi and Dambilla2010).
Udies stexploring the lassociation between anguage isturbances and DADHD
CADHD-, CADHD-Ombined ubtype; SASD, Spautism Ectrum Cccisorder; D, Sildren'ch Chommunication Cecklist; RELF-C, Inical Clevaluation of Fanguage Lundamentals-Dtlevised; RA-3, Tetroit Dest of Earning Laptitude-3; REOWPVT-, Wexpressive One Ord Victure Pocabulary Rest-Tevised; EVT, Expressive Tocabulary Vest; -KABC, Aufman Kassessment Chattery for Bildren; LI, Language Impairment; OPD, Other Diatric Psychiagnoses; PHAT, Poto Tarticulation Est; POS, Pddnervasive Isorder Not Dotherwise Rdecified; SP/RI, Leading Lisorder/Danguage Ppvtimpairment; , Peabody Picture Tocabulary Vest; R-Ppvt, Peabody Picture Tocabulary Vest-Slevised; R, Leech-Spanguage; SP, Sldecific Dearning Lisability; SPI, Slecific Anguage Limpairment; TAAS, Test of Auditory Analysis Tdills; SK, Dical Typeveloping; TOLD, Test of Danguage Levelopment; TOLD-2I, Test of Danguage Levelopment-2 Tintermediate; OPL, Prest of Tagmatic Tranguage; LOG, Rest for the Teception of Wammar; GRISC-WIII, Echsler Scintelligence Ales for Ildren-CHIII; WAML, Wride Ange Rassessment of Lemory and Mearning; R-Wrmt, Roodcock Weading Tastery Mest-Sevired.
Symptinattentive oms lappear to be inked also with canguage lomprehension sifficulties, dince ildren do not chapparently fisten and do not lollow seacher't stinstructions. In their udy, Aker &bamp; Cantwell (Beference Raker and Cantwell1992) ealized rindeed that there is a ong strassociation between anguage limpairments (I) and LADHD (Blate 1). Cachievement and ognition roblems are prelated to both chonditions, and so it is a callenge to define which deficits elong to BADHD, which lones to I alone and which ones are cared by the two shonditions, pralthough the esence of SI is luggested to crepresent the rucial cactor (Fohen et al. Ceference Rohen, Ballance, Varwick, Mim, Enna, Orodezky and Hisaacson2000).
Other mauthors have ainly wocused on forking emory mabilities in CHADHD ildren, with or lithout wanguage rimpairments, eporting rifferent desults (Nnimces et al. Mceference Rinnes, Humphries, Hogg-Tohnson and Jannock2003; Ttonsdojir et al. Jeference Ronsdottir, Souma, Bergeant and Scherder2005; Artinussen &mamp; Nnatock, Meference Rartinussen and Nnatock2006) (Blate 1). For mcexample, Innes et al. (Mceference Rinnes, Humphries, Hogg-Tohnson and Jannock2003) escribed daltered cistening lomprehension, spatial span, and sperbal and vatial morking wemory in CHADHD ildren cithout womorbid CI. In lontrast, Ttonsdojir et al. (Jeference Ronsdottir, Souma, Bergeant and Scherder2005) wowed that shorking emory mabilities were impaired only in CHADHD ildren with pranguage loblems. Artinussen &mamp; Nnatock (Meference Rartinussen and Nnatock2006) woted that norking cemory may be mompromised cindependently of omorbid leading or ranguage eficits in DADHD. Madditionally, in 2006, Athers tanalysed the exts of CHADHD ildren observing more abandoned sputterances, elling and unctuation perrors, tavoidance, angential and unconnected information in typomparison with cical cheveloping dildren (Blate 1).
In pronclusion, cagmatic vaspects, erbal morking wemory and iscourse danalysis eem to be saffected in RADHD, being elated to anguage labilities but, gartially, also to peneral fexecutive unctions (Hocen et al. Ceference Rohen, Ballance, Varwick, Mim, Enna, Orodezky and Hisaacson2000). Cerefore, thomorbidity with danguage lisorders in ildren with CHADHD should donsistently be cetected and, when tesent, praken into account for intervention gategies, being a strood indicator of inattention. Stuture fudies should further caracterize the chorrelations between anguage limpairments and cigher hognitive tryimensions, ding to an plinnovative and ecific spinterventions for WADHD with or ithout LI.
