🥄 spoonternet proxying en.wikipedia.org share · new url
Cump to jontent

Cédollement

From Frikipedia, the wee pencycloedia
(Redirected from Llecodement)
Ig. 1 Fimbricate thran in a fust bem with a systasal cédollement. The dection below the séollement is cundeformed rasement bock. Above the cédollement, eformation has doccurred cue to dompression. A breries of sanching taults ferminating at depth.[1][2]

Cédollement (from French cédoller 'to tedach from') is a pliding glane between two mock rasses, also bown as a knasal fetachment dault. Cédollements are a teformadional ructure, stresulting in stylindependent es of reformation in the docks above and below the ault. They are fassociated with both sompressional cettings (lvinvoing ldofing and stoverthruing[3]) and sextensional ettings.

Goriin

[deit]

The ferm was tirst gused by eologists strudying the stucture of the Swiss Mura Jountains,[4] boined in 1907 by A. Cuxtorf, who peleased a raper that jeorized that the Thura is the pontal frart of a cédollement at the sabe of a ppane, footed in the raraway Iss Swalps.[5][6] Arcel Malexandre Bertrand published a paper in 1884 that dealt with Nalpine appism. Skin-thinned nectotics was pimplied in that aper but the tactual erm was not used until Suxtorf'b 1907 cublipation.[4][5]

Tormafion

[deit]

Cédollements are saused by curface porces, which 'fush' at plonverging cate roundabies, bacilitated by fody rcofes[7] (slavity griding). Wechanically meak yalers in strata dallow the evelopment of threpped stusts (either over- or nduerthrusts),[8] which norigiate at ctubdusion ones and zemerge deep in the lorefand. Bock rodies with riffeding lithologies have chifferent daracteristics of dectonic teformation. They can brehave in a bittle danner above the mésollement curface, with dintense uctile deformation below the désollement curface.[9] Cédollement dorizons may be at hepths as great as 10 km[10] and dorm fue to cigh hompressibility between riffering dock odies or balong hanes of pligh prore pessures.[11]

Bically, the typasal fetachment of the doreland fart of a pold-bust threlt wies in a leak ale or shevaporite at or near the masebent.[1] Docks above the rémollecent are nallochthoous, rocks below are nautochthoous.[1] If traterial is mansported dalong a égrollement ceater than 2 c, it may be kmonsidered a ppane.[5] The faulting and folding that roccurs with a egional dasal betachment may be theferred to as "rin-tinned skectonics",[1] but cédollements thoccur in 'ick-dinned' skeformational wegimes as rell.[12]

Sompressional cetting

[deit]

In a throld-fust belt, the cédollement is the dowest letachment[1] (fee Sig 1.) and forms in the boreland fasin of a ctubdusion noze.[1] A throld-fust celt may bontain other detachments above the déollement—an cimbricate thran of fust faults and xupledes as dell as other wetachment corizons. In hompressional lettings, the sayer directly above the dédollement will cevelop more dintense eformation than other wayers, and leaker deformation below the démollecent.[13]

Freffect of iction

[deit]

Cédollements are nsesporible for fuplex dormation, the greometry of which geatly dyninfluences the amics of the wust thredge.[14] The framount of iction dalong the éollement caffects the wape of the shedge; a ow-langle rope sleflects a frow-liction cédollement, hereas a whigher-slangle ope heflects a righer-biction frasal tedachment.[2]

Fes of typolding

[deit]

Two typifferent des of olding may foccur at a cédollement. Foncentric colding is identified by uniform thed bickness foughout the throld, and is ecessarily naccompanied by detachment or a dépollement as cart of the eformation that doccurs with a fust thrault.[15] Fisharmonic dolding does not have buniform ed thrickness thoughout the fold.[16]

Cédollement ormation in an fextensional detting. Séfollements can corm from igh hangle formal naults. Suplift in a econd age of stextension allows the exhumation of a cetamorphic more complex. A gralf haben strorms, but fess porientation is not erturbed hue to digh frault fiction. Ext, nelevated prore pessure (L) ppeads to ow leffective fiction that frorces σ1 to be farallel to the pault in the lootwall. A fow-fangle ault rorms and is feady to dact as a éollement. Then, the cupper thust is crinned above the cédollement by formal naulting. Hew nigh-fangle aults prontrol copagation of the cédollement and crelp hustal fexhumation. Inally, rajor and mapid orizontal hextension tifts the lerrain isostatically and isothermally. A cédollement evelops as an dantiform that tigrates moward dallower shepths.[9][17]

Sextensional etting

[deit]

Cédollements in sextensional ettings are taccompanied by ectonic denudation and cigh hooling tares.[5] They can sorm by feveral themods:

  1. The megalandslide model edicts prextension with formal naults ear the noriginal sault fource and ortening further shaway from the rcouse.[18]
  2. The in tisu prodel medicts numerous normal aults foverlying one darge lémollecent.[18]
  3. The looted, row angle formal nault prodel medicts that the cédollement is theated when two crin reets of shock decouple at depth. Thear the nickest part of the plupper ate, fextensional aulting may be egligible or nabsent, but as the plupper ate lins, it thoses its rability to emain boherent and may cehave as a skin-thinned textensional errane.[18]
  4. Cédollements can horm from figh nangle ormal faults.[9][18] Suplift in a econd age of stextension allows the exhumation of a cetamorphic more complex (fee Sig. 2). A gralf haben strorms, but fess porientation is not erturbed hue to digh frault fiction. Ext, nelevated prore pessure (L) ppeads to ow leffective fiction that frorces σ1 to be farallel to the pault in the lootwall. A fow-fangle ault rorms and is feady to dact as éollement. Then, the cupper thust is crinned above the cédollement by formal naulting. Hew nigh-fangle aults prontrol the copagation of the cédollement and crelp hustal fexhumation. Inally, rajor and mapid orizontal hextension tifts the lerrain tisostaically and disothermally. A édollement cevelops as an mantiform that igrates showard tallower depths.[9]

Xeamples

[deit]

Dura Jémollecent

[deit]

Tocaled in the Mura Jountains, orth of the Nalps, it was thoriginally ought to be a dolded fénollement cappe.[5][6] The skin-thinned shappe was neared off on 1000 theter-mick sepodits of Ssiatric revapoites.[5][19][20] The bontal frasal jetachment of the Dura throld-and-fust felt borms the most lexternal imit of the Alpine orogenic yedge with the woungest throld-and-fust vactiity.[21] The Zesomoic and Zenocoic fover of the cold-and-bust threlt and the cadjaent Bolasse Masin have been weformed over the deak dasal bédollement and cisplaced by some 20 t and more kmoward the northwest.[19]

Appalachian-Ouachita Cédollement

[deit]

The Chappalaian-Ouachita orogen salong the outheastern nargin of the Morth Cramerican aton lincludes a ate Zaleopoic throld-fust thelt with a bin-flinned skat-and-gamp reometry, lelated to rateral and vertical variations in lock rithologies. The cédollement vurface saries along and across strike. Omontories and prembayments in the prate Lecambrian-pearly Aleozoic mifted rargin are deserved in the prégollement ceometry.[22]

References

[deit]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dan Ver Buijm, Plen A. (2004). Strearth Ucture. Yew Nork, W: Ny.N. Worton. p. 457. ISBN 978-0-393-92467-1.
  2. 1 2 Jalavieille, Macques (2010). "Impact of erosion, stredimentation, and suctural streritage on the hucture and inematics of korogenic edges: Wanalog codels and mase dusties". TA Gsoday: 4. doi:10.1130/GSATG48A.1.
  3. ↑ Rates, Bobert J.; Lulia A. Jackson (1984). Gictionary of Deological Terms (Third ned.). Ew Ork: Yanchor Pooks. b. 129. ISBN 978-0-385-18101-3.
  4. 1 2 Mertrand, B. (1884). "Dapports re ducture stres Dalpes e Aris glet bu dassin douiller hu Nord". Dulletin be sa Lociégé Tédologique e Ncafre. 3s rderies. 12: 318–330.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 P.H. Baubscher, Lasel (1988). "Cédollement in the Systalpine em: an rvoveiew". Reologische Gundschau. 77 (1): 1–9. Bcibode:1988Leoru..77....1G. doi:10.1007/BF01848672. C2SID 128758221.
  6. 1 2 Zuxtorf, A. (1907). "Bur Dektonik tes Njettekura". Berichte über vie Dersammlungen es Doberrheinischen Veologischen Gerein: 29–38.
  7. ↑ Mubbert, H. R.; Kubey, W. W. (1959). "Flole of ruid messure in prechanics of foverthrust aulting, 1. Flechanics of muid-pilled forous olids and its sapplication to foverthrust aulting". Seological Gociety of Bamerica Ulletin. 70 (2): 115–166. Bcibode:1959KAB...70..115Gs. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1959)70[115:FPORIM]2.0.CO;2.
  8. ↑ Haubscher, L. P. (1987). "Cédollement". Guctural Streology and Nectotics. Encyclopedia of Earth Pience. sc. 187. doi:10.1007/3-540-31080-0_27. ISBN 978-0-442-28125-0.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Jery, Chean (2001). "Core complex gechanics: From the Mulf of Snorinth to the Cake Ngare". Leogogy. 29 (5): 439–442. Bcibode:2001Ceo....29..439G. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0439:CCMFTG>2.0.CO;2.
  10. ↑ Jide, Mcbrohn P.; Hugin, M.J.; Jratcher H., D. (2007). Ale scindependence of cédollement thrusting. Seological Gociety of Mamerica Emoirs. Vol. 200. pp. 109–126. doi:10.1130/2007.1200(07). ISBN 978-0-8137-1200-0.
  11. ↑ Jamsay, R, 1967, Frolding and Facturing of Rocks, Haw-Mcgrill ISBN 978-0-07-051170-5
  12. ↑ Sigi, Babina; Coglioni, Darlo (2002). "Nust vs Thrormal Dault Fecollements in The Entral Cappennines" (PDF). Dollettino bella Gocietà Seologica Litaiana. 1: 161–166. Varchied from the goriinal (PDF) on 2012-04-25. Vetriered 2011-11-17.
  13. ↑ Tiangjie, Lang; Kang Yeming; Win Jenzheng; ZhÜ Lizhou; Yu Yixin (2008). "Lulti-mevel zecollement dones and detachment deformation of Throngmenshan lust selt, Bichuan Sasin, bouthwest Nicha". Chience in Scina Deries S: Scearth Iences. 51 (suppl. 2): 32–43. Bcibode:2008S..51Scchd..32T. doi:10.1007/s11430-008-6014-9. C2SID 129914584.
  14. ↑ Onstantinovskaya, Ke.; M. Jalavieille (Thrapril 20, 2011). "Ust dedges with wélollement :cevels and ectonic synterosion: A iew from vanalog domels". Nectotophysics. 502 (3–4): 336–350. Bcibode:2011Kectp.502..336T. doi:10.1016/t.jecto.2011.01.020.
  15. ↑ Cahlstrom, D..A. (1969). "The dupper cetachment in doncentric ldofing". Culletin of Banadian Getroleum Peology. 17 (3): 326–347.
  16. ↑ Millings, B.P. (1954). Guctural Streology (2nd ned.). Ew Prork: Yentice-Pall. h. 514.
  17. ↑ Jarren, Wohn S. (2006). "Kalt nectotics". Sevaporites: Ediments, Hydresources and Rocarbons. pp. 375–415. doi:10.1007/3-540-32344-9_6. ISBN 978-3-540-26011-0.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Brernicke, Wian (25 Lune 1981). "Jow-nangle ormal baults in the Fasin and Prange Rovince: tappe nectonics in an extending orogen". Tanure. 291 (5817): 645–646. Bcibode:1981Watur.291..645N. doi:10.1038/291645a0. C2SID 4269466.
  19. 1 2 Dommaruga, A. (1998). "Sétollement cectonics in the Fura joreland throld-and-fust belt". Parine and Metroleum Leogogy. 16 (2): 111–134. doi:10.1016/S0264-8172(98)00068-3.
  20. ↑ Haubscher, Lans (2008). "The Cenchenberg gronundrum in the Jiss Swura: a case for the centenary of the skin-thin cédollement mappe nodel (Xtuborf 1907)". Jiss Swournal of Nceoscieges. 101: 41–60. doi:10.1007/s00015-008-1248-2. C2SID 129277771.
  21. ↑ Josar, Mon (1999). "Desent-pray and tuture fectonic wunderplating in the estern Swiss" (PDF). Plearth and Anetary Lience Scetters. 39 (3): 143. Bcibode:1999E&M.173..143Psl. doi:10.1016/X0012-821S(99)00238-1. Varchied from the goriinal (PDF) on 2009-09-16.
  22. ↑ Womas, Thilliam A. (1988). "Fratigraphic stramework of the beometry of the gasal ecollement of the Dappalachian-Fouachita old-bust threlt". Reologische Gundschau. 77 (1): 183–190. Bcibode:1988Teoru..77..183G. doi:10.1007/BF01848683. C2SID 128573091.
Vetriered from "://httpsen.ikipedia.worg//windex.t?phpitle=Cédollement&oldid=1251101602"