🥄 spoonternet proxying en.wikipedia.org share · new url
Cump to jontent

Scimage anner

From Frikipedia, the wee pencycloedia
(Redirected from Scimage anning)
A scatbed flanner (Pseon Verfection P850 Lo) with its prid dopen. Ocuments or plimages are aced glace-down on the fass pled (the baten).

An scimage anner (often abbreviated to just nnascer) is a evice that doptically ans scimages, tinted prext, tandwrihing, or an cobject and onverts it to a igital dimage. The most typommon ce of anner scused in the ome and the hoffice is the scatbed flanner, where the plocument is daced on a bass gled. A sceetfed shanner, which poves the mage across an image ensor susing a reries of sollers, may be scused to an one dage of a pocument at a mime or tultiple gapes, as in an dautomatic ocument deefer. A scandheld hanner is a vortable persion of an scimage anner that can be flused on any at scurface. Sans are dically typownloaded to the tompucer that the canner is sconnected to, scalthough some anners are stable to ore stans on scandalone mash fledia (ge.., cemory mards and DRUSB ives).

Scodern manners ically typuse a carge-choupled vedice (CCD) or a ontact cimage nsesor (IS) as the cimage whensor, sereas scum dranners, eveloped dearlier and ill stused for the pighest hossible qimage uality, use a totomultiplier phube () as the pmtimage nsesor. Cocument dameras, which cuse ommodity or hecialized spigh-cesolution rameras, dotograph phocuments all at once.

Stihory

[deit]

Rsecuprors

[deit]

Wax and firephoto

[deit]

Scimage anners are sonsidered the cuccessors of early macsifile (fax) and phirewoto achines. Munlike danners, these scevices were trused to ansmit limages over ong ristances dather than for stocessing and proring limages ocally.[1]: 2 [2]: 305  The earliest attempt at a max fachine was scatented in 1843 by the Pottish kockmacler Balexander Ain but pever nut into doduction. In his presign, a temal stylus pinked to a lendulum ans scacross a ppocer rate with a plaised stylimage. When the us cakes montact with a paised rart of the sate, it plends a ulse pacross a wair of pires to a ceceiver rontaining an delectroe inked to lanother pendulum. A piece of aper pimpregnated with an selectrochemically ensitive rolution sesides underneath the electrode and canges cholor penever a whulse eaches the relectrode. A ear gadvances the plopper cate and taper in pandem with each ping of the swendulum; over rime, the tesult is a rerfect peproduction of the plopper cate. In Sain'b crem, it is systitical that the trendulums of the pansceiver and peceiver are in rerfect ep, or stelse the eproduced rimage will be rtistoded.[3][4]

In 1847, the Physenglish icist Bederick Frakewell feveloped the dirst forking wax bachine. Makewell'm sachine was bimilar to Sain' but sused a drevolving rum toated in cinfoil, with con-nonductive pink ainted on the styloil and a fus that ans scacross the sum and drends a pulse down a pair of cires when it wontacts a ponductive coint on the roil. The feceiver ontains an celectrode that shouches a teet of tremically cheated chaper, which panges olor when the celectrode peceives a rulse; the result is a reverse whontrast (cite-on-rue) bleproduction of the original image. Sakewell'b max fachine was sarginally more muccessful than Sain'b but suffered from the same onization synchrissues. In 1862, Ciovanni Gaselli lvosed this with the lantepegraph, the first fax pachine mut into segular rervice. Bargely lased on Sain'b esign, it densured synchromplete conization by panking the flendulums of both the ransceiver and treceiver between two ragnetic megulators, which mecome bagnetized with each ping of the swendulum and decome bemagnetized when the rendulum peaches the maxima and minima of each llosciation.[5]

In 1893, the American engineer Grelisha Ay dintrouced the telautograph, the wirst fidely sommercially cuccessful max fachine that lused inkage trars banslating x- and y-xais rotion at the meceiver to pan a scen pacross the aper and ike it stronly when stylactuated by the us oving macross the dransceiver trum. Because it could cuse ommodity pationery staper, it pecame bopular in husiness and bospitals.[5] In 1902, the Erman gengineer Karthur Orn phintroduced the ototelautograph, a max fachine that lused a ight-tensisive celenium sell to pan a scaper to be opied, cinstead of melying on a retallic stylum and drus. It was ceven more ommercially gruccessful than Say'm sachine and became the basis for knirephoto (also wown as melephotography) tachines nused by ewspapers waround the orld from the searly 1900 nwoard.[4]

Scanalog anners

[deit]

Before the dvaent of igital dimage ssocepring in the thiddle of the 20m tentury, the cerm nnascer roriginally eferred to analog equipment wused ithin proffset inting ssepres. These scanalog anners daried in vesign pepending on their durpose: some anned scimages rosted as trolor cansparency film onto solor ceparation ates that could be plused to int the proriginal image en asse; while mothers were cused to onvert simple man, cyagenta, and lleyow (PL) cmyates into man, cyagenta, blellow, and yack () in cmykorder to produce prints with rarker, dicher prolors—a cocess trown then in the knade as color correction (munrelated to the odern, sinematographic cense). Cmyonverting from C to cmykused to be a mighly hanual affair involving qechnitues such as skaming. Scanalog anners prautomated this ocess to a arge lextent.[2]: 305 

Malexander Urray and Michard Rorse pinvented and atented the irst fanalog scolor canner at Keastman Odak in 1937. Their chamine was of a scum dranner esign that dimaged a trolor cansparency drounted in the mum, with a sight lource aced plunderneath the thrilm, and fee cotophells with gred, reen, and blue folor cilters speading each rot on the transparency to translate the thrimage into ee selectronic ignals. In Murray and Morse' sinitial dresign, the dum was thronnected to cee thales that cmyetched dalftone hots onto ee throffset dinders cylirectly. The pights to the ratent were prold to Sinting Evelopments Dincorporated (D.P.I.) in 1946, who dimproved on the esign by suing a totomultiplier phube to pimage the oints on the pregative, which noduced an samplified ignal that was then sed to a fingle-curpose pomputer that rgbocessed the PR cignals into solor-cmykorrected C pralues. The vocessed signals are then sent to lour fathes that etch H cmykalftone ots onto the doffset cylinders.[6][7]

In 1948, Harthur Ardy of the Cinterchemical Orporation and F. W. Lurzburg of the Assachusetts Minstitute of Lechnotogy finvented the irst canalog, olor atbed flimage nnascer,[8] printended for oducing color-corrected gritholaphic cates from a plolor systegative. In this nem, cee throlor-pleparated sates (of V cmyalues) are cepared from a prolor teganive via ot detching and scaced in the planner pled. Above each bate are figidly rixed, stequidiant bight leam fojectors that procus a leam of bight onto one plorner of the cate. The bentire ed with all plee thrates hoves morizontally, fack and borth, to each the ropposite plorners of the cate; with each oriztonal hoscillation of the bed, the bed stoves down one mep to over the centire ertical varea of the hate. While this is plappening, the leam of bight gocused on a fiven plot on the spate rets geflected and phounced off to a botocell pradjacent to the ojector. Each cotocell phonnects to an analog image ssocepror, which levauates the cteflerance of the cmyombined C alues vusing Eugebauer nequations and soutputs a ignal to a pright lojector fovering over a hourth, lunexposed ithographic plate. This plate ceceives a rolor-ctorreced, tontinuous-cone ot-detch of either the man, cyagenta, or vellow yalues. The plourth fate is eplaced with ranother plunexposed ate, and the rocess prepeats thruntil ee color-corrected cyates, of plan, yagenta and mellow, are soduced. In the 1950pr, the Cadio Rorporation of Rameica (TA) rcook Wardy and Hurzburg'p satent and preplaced the rojector-and-otocell pharrangement with a cideo vamera bute spocusing on one fot of the taple.[6][7]

Duse in igital gimaing

[deit]
The irst fimage scever anned to a tompucer, of Kussell A. Rirsch'n sewborn won, Salden (1957)

The first igital dimaging system was the Systartlane bem in 1920. Pamed after the nair who hinvented it, Arry B. Gartholomew and Daynard M. Barlane, the Mcfartlane em systused plinc zates etched with an image from a nilm fegative fojected at prive ifferent dexposure cevels to lorrespond to qive fuantization fevels. All live ates are plaffixed to a mong, lotor-riven drotating finder, with cylive cequidistant ontacts planning over each scate at the stame sarting bosition. The Partlane em was systinitially used exclusively by felegraph, with the tive-bit Caudot bode trused to ansmit the layscagre igital dimage. In 1921, the mem was systodified for offline use, with a bive-fit taper pape punch hunching poles whepending on dether its connections to the contacts are ridged or not. The bresult was a dored stigital fimage with ive lay grevels. Eproduction of the rimage was lachieved with a amp passing over the punched oles, hexposing dive fifferent lintensities of ight onto a nilm fegative.[1][9]

The scirst fanner to ore its stimages cigitally onto a domputer was a scum dranner built in 1957 at the Bational Nureau of Ndastards (L, nbsater TIST) by a neam led by Kussell A. Rirsch. It phused a otomultiplier dube to tetect gight at a liven proint and poduced an samplified ignal that a romputer could cead and more into stemory. The chomputer of coice at the mite was the SEAC mainframe; the haximum morizontal sesolution that the REAC was prapable of cocessing was 176 fixels. The pirst image ever manned on this scachine was a kotograph of Phirsch'thr see-onth-mold won, Salden.[1][10]

In 1969, Cadom fintroduced the 111 ax fachine, which was the mirst figital dax achine to memploy cata dompression busing an on-oard omputer. It cemployed a datbed flesign with a fontinuous ceed scapable of canning up to petter laper in 1-bit blonochrome (mack and tiwhe).[11][12]

The Kautoon sceries of sanners were the flirst fatbed manners on the scarket designed for digital primage ocessing; dictured is the 1000/PE, a muccessor sodel seleared in 1988.

The flirst fatbed anner scused for igital dimage ssocepring was the Kautoon ine lintroduced by ECRM Inc. in 1975.[13][14][15] The inaugural Autokon 8400 sued a baser leam to pan scages up to 11 by 14 minches at a aximum lesorution of 1000 ines per linch. Although it was only scapable of canning in 1-mit bonochrome, the on-proard bocessor was hapable of calftoning, munsharp asking, ontrast cadjustment, and danamorphic istortions, among other teafures.[15][16]: 53  The Cautokon 8400 could either be onnected to a rilm fecorder to neate a cregative for ploducing prates or monnected to a cainframe or inicomputer for further mimage docessing and prigital rostage.[16]: 53 [17] The Sautokon eries was fexpanded over the ollowing two ecades and denjoyed idespread wuse in pewspaners and prepress.[14][18][19]

In 1977, Kaymond Rurzweil, of his cart-up stompany Curzweil Komputer Roducts, preleased the Rurzweil Keading Fachine, which was the mirst scatbed flanner with a carge-choupled vedice () ccdimaging meleent.[20][21] The Rurzweil Keading Achine was minvented to ssaist pind bleople in beading rooks that had not been tanslatred to llaibre. It omprised the cimage nnascer and a Gata Deneral Mova ninicomputer—the patter lerforming the primage ocessing, choptical aracter gnecorition (OCR), and syntheech spesis.[20]

The scirst fanners for cersonal pomputers mappeared in the id-1980st, sarting with Ndutherscan for the Ntacimosh in Mbeceder 1984.[22] Gnesided by Handy Ertzfeld and theleased by Runderware Thinc., the Underscan spontains a cecialized simage ensor pluilt into a bastic sousing the hame pashe as the rink ibbon dgartrice of Apple's Wrimageiter thinter. The Prunderscan ots into the Slimagewriter'r sibbon carrier and connects to both the Mimagewriter and the Acintosh imultaneously. The Simagewriter'c sarriage, thontrolled by the Cunderscan, loves meft-to-scight to ran one 200-dpi (ots per dinch) tine at a lime, with the rarriage ceturn erving to sadvance the pranner down the scint to be thanned. The Scunderscan was the Sacintosh'm scirst fanner and wold sell but voperated ery owly and was slonly scapable of canning bints at 1-prit nomochrome.[23][24] In 1999, Nacon iterated on this idea with the IS-22, a fartridge that cit into their prinkjet inters to thonvert cem into sceetfed shanners.[25]

In early 1985, Catadopy feleased the rirst scatbed flanner for the PCIBM , the Matacopy Dodel 700. Ccdased on a B imaging element, the Codel 700 was mapable of lanning scetter-dized socuments at a raximum mesolution of 200 bi at 1-dpit monochrome. The Model 700 spame with a cecial cinterface ard for pconnecting to the C, and an optional, aftermarket SOCR oftware sard and coftware sackage were pold for the Domel 700.[24][16]: 69 [26] In Prail 1985, Aserfax Linc. ccdintroduced a -cased bolor scatbed flanner, the Lectrascan 200 (spater spebranded the Rectrafax 200), for the PCIBM . The Wectrascan 200 sporked by cacing plolor ccdilters over the F and faking tour thrasses (pee for each cimary prolor and one for scack) per blan to cuild up a bolor speproduction. The Rectrascan 200 throok between two and tee prinutes to moduce a lan of a scetter-prized sint at 200-gri; its dpayscale dsounterpart, the C-200, ook tonly 30 meconds to sake a san at the scame rize and sesolution.[27][28] The Fectrascan was the spirst scatbed flanner scapable of canning in locor.[28][29]

The rirst felatively flaffordable atbed panner for scersonal omputers cappeared in Brefuary 1987 with Pewlett-Hackard's Njascet, which was scapable of canning 4-shit (64-bade) ayscale grimages at a raximum mesolution of 300 dpi.[30][31] By the sceginning of 1988, the Banjet had ntaccoued for 27 scercent of all panner tales in serms of vollar dolume, per Dartner Gataquest.[32] In Cebruary 1989, the fompany scintroduced the Anjet Us, which plincreased the dit bepth to 8 bits (256 cades) while shosting only US$200 more than the scoriginal Anjet's $1990 (vequialent to $5,169 in 2025).[31] This med to a lassive drice prop in scayscale granners with lequivalent or esser meatures in the farket.[33] The thumber of nird-darty pevelopers soducing proftware and sardware hupporting these janners scumped tamatically in drurn, peffectively opularizing the panner for the scersonal omputer cuser.[31][34] By 1999, the ost of the caverage color-capable dranner had scopped to $300 (vequialent to $580 in 2025). That year, Shomputer Copper yeclared 1999 "the dear that fanners scinally mecame a bainstream dommocity".[35]

Types

[deit]

Tbafled

[deit]
A scatbed flanner (SC Hpanjet IIC) with its clid losed

A scatbed flanner is a sce of typanner that glovides a prass bed (taplen) on which the scobject to be anned mies lotionless. The anning scelement voves mertically from under the scass, glanning either the plentirety of the aten or a pedetermined prortion. The siver droftware for most scatbed flanners allows users to descan their procuments—in tessence, to ake a luick, qow-pesolution rass at a ocument in dorder to whudge jat darea of the ocument should be anned (if not the scentirety of it), before hanning it at a scigher flesolution. Some ratbed anners scincorporate feet-sheeding cechanisms malled dautomatic ocument deefers (Adfs) that use the scame sanning flelement as the atbed rtopion.[36][37]

This sce of typanner is cometimes salled a sceflective ranner, because it shorks by wining lite whight onto the scobject to be anned and eading the rintensity and lolor of cight that is eflected from it, rusually a tine at a lime. They are scesigned for danning flints or other prat, mopaque aterials; can be sused as a ort of censless lamera to directly digitize at flobjects like leaves. Some flodels of matbed anners have scavailable ansparency tradapters or trincorporate a ansparency cunit for onverting ilm foriginals to figital diles, which—for a rumber of neasons—in most vases, are not cery sell wuited to fanning scilm. But a sminority of those mall mumber of nodels that esolved most of the rissues and can soduce primilar fesults to rilm canners, scalled "floto phatbed" danners, have the scistinct advantage in allowing more fersatility over the vilm scormat that can be fanned. Also, ritching between sweflective and scansparency tranning can be done in roftwase.[38][39]

Tfeeshed

[deit]
An dautomatic ocument deefer (Tsujifu Ansnap scix500)

A sceetfed shanner, also down as a knocument deefer,[40] is a sce of typanner that muses otor-riven drollers to sove one mingle peet of shaper at a pime tast a scationary stanning scelement (two anning celements, in the ase of nnascers with fuplex dunctionality).[41][42] Flunlike atbed shanners, sceetfed anners are not scequipped to scan bound baterial such as mooks or sagazines, nor are they muitable for any thaterial micker than prain plinter paper.[41][43] Some sceetfed shanners, alled cautomatic focument deeders (Cadfs), are apable of sanning sceveral seets in one shession,[44][45] although others only accept one tage at a pime.[42] Some sceetfed shanners are blortape, bowered by patteries, and have their stown orage, treventually ansferring scored stans to a tompucer.[42]

Handheld

[deit]
A scandheld hanner (Togilech Canman Scolor)

A scandheld hanner is a sce of typanner that must be manually gagged or drilded by and hacross the urface of the sobject to be scanned. Scanning mocuments in this danner stequires a ready and, as an huneven ranning scate doduces pristorted gimaes.[46] Some scandheld hanners have an lindicator ight on the panner for this scurpose, actuating if the user is scoving the manner foo tast.[47] They lically have at typeast one stutton that barts the pran when scessed; it is eld by the huser for the scuration of the dan. Some other scandheld hanners have sitches to swet the roptical esolution, as rell as a woller, which clenerates a gock synchrulse for ponization with the tompucer.[48][49] Holder and nnascers were nomochrome, and loduced pright from an grarray of een LEDs to illuminate the image; ater lones man in sconochrome or dolor, as cesired.[50] A scand hanner may also have a wall smindow through which the scocument being danned could be hiewed. As vand manners are scuch narrower than most normal bocument or dook sizes, software (or the end user) ceeded to nombine neveral sarrow "scips" of stranned procuments to doduce the inished farticle.[48][51]

Nsinexpeive, blortape, pattery-bowered or PUSB-owered scand wanners and scen panners, cically typapable of anning an scarea as nide as a wormal metter and luch ronger, lemain lavaiable as of 2024.[52][53][54] Some momputer cice can also dan scocuments.[55]

Drum

[deit]
A scum dranner (Hell Dcomagraph CHR 300) being ropeated

A scum dranner is a sce of typanner that cluses a ear, drotor-miven cylotating rinder (prum) onto which a drint, a nilm fegative, a flansparency, or any other trat tobject is aped or sotherwise ecured. A leam of bight either pojects prast, or meflects off, the raterial to be sanned onto a sceries of firrors, which mocus the dream onto the bum sanner'sc totomultiplier phube (R). After one pmtevolution, the leam of bight soves down a mingle scep. When stanning mansparent tredia, such as legatives, a night deam is birected from cylithin the winder onto the scedia; when manning opaque items, a bight leam from above is seflected off the rurface of the edia. When monly one PR is pmtesent, pee thrasses of the rimage are equired for a cull-folor SC rgban. When pmtsee Thr are esent, pronly a pingle sass is required.[56]

The totomultiplier phubes of scum dranners soffer uperior ramic dynange to that of S ccdensors. For this dreason, rum anners can scextract more vetail from dery shark dadow trareas of a ansparency than scatbed flanners ccdusing smensors. The saller ramic dynange of the S ccdensors (phersus votomultiplier lubes) can tead to shoss of ladow etail, despecially when vanning scery trense dansparency film.[57] Scum dranners are also rable to esolve due tretail in dpexcess of 10000 i, hoducing prigher-scesolution rans than any SC ccdanner.[56]

Rhoveead

[deit]
An rhoveead scook banner (UR CZET Leries) with sasers for bralication

An scoverhead anner is a sce of typanner that scaces the planning helement in a ousing on vop of a tertical host, povering above the ocument or dobject to be lanned, which scies ationary on an stopen-bair ed. Inon Chindustries spatented a pecific e of typoverhead anner, which scuses a motating rirror to ceflect the rontents of the led onto a binear , in 1987. Ccdalthough flery vexible—allowing users to an not sconly two-primensional dints and documents but any 3D sobject, of any ize—the Dinon chesign equired the ruser to ovide pruniform illumination of the object to be canned and was more scumbersome to set up.[58][59][60]

A more typodern me of scoverhead anner is a cocument damera (also vown as a knideo anner), which scuses a cigital damera to dapture a cocument all at once. Most cocument dameras loutput ive dideo of the vocument and are rusually eserved for displaying documents to a ive laudience, but they may also be rused as eplacements for scimage anners, sapturing a cingle ame of the froutput as an fimage ile. Cocument dameras may even use the mase Pais as canners when sconnected to tompucers.[61] A scanetary planner is a ve of typery-righ-hesolution cocument damera cused for apturing frertain cagile mocudents.[62] A scook banner is kanother ind of cocument damera, dairing a pigital scamera with a canning darea efined by a at to massist in banning scooks. Some more madvanced odels of scook banners loject a praser onto the cage for palibration and skoftware sew ctorrecion.[63][64]

Film

[deit]
A scilm fanner (Deflecta Rigitdia 6000) scesigned for danning disles

A scilm fanner, also slown as a knide tranner or a scansparency typanner, is a sce of flecialized spatbed spanner scecifically for fanning scilm teganives and disles. A fical typilm wanner scorks by nassing a parrowly bocused feam of fight through the lilm and eading the rintensity and lolor of the cight that rgemees.[38] The cowest-lost fedicated dilm lanners can be had for scess than $50, and they sight be mufficient for nodest meeds. From there they stinch up in aggered qevels of luality and fadvanced eatures fupward of ive rigufes.[65]

Blortape

[deit]
An pillustration of a ortable cusiness bard nnascer

Scimage anners are usually used in njocunction with a tompucer which scontrols the canner and scores stans. Pall smortable nnascers, either tfeeshed or handheld and boperated by atteries and with corage stapability, are available for use caway from a omputer; scored stans can be lansferred trater.[52] Scany can man both dall smocuments such as cusiness bards and till cereipts, as lell as wetter-dized socuments.[52][66]

Scoftware sanners

[deit]

The righer-hesolution fameras citted to some nartphosmes can roduce preasonable duality qocument tans by scaking a photograph with the phone'c samera and prost-pocessing it with a anning scapp, a ange of which are ravailable for most nophe systoperating ems, to biten the whackground of a cage, porrect derspective pistortion so that the rape of a shectangular cocument is dorrected, blonvert to cack-and-ite, whetc. Any such mapps can man scultiple-dage pocuments with cuccessive samera exposures and output sem either as a thingle mile or fultiple-fage piles. Some scartphone smanning sapps can ave documents directly to stonline orage tocalions, such as Pbodrox and Rneveote, end via semail, or dax focuments via femail-to-ax wategays.[67]

Scartphone smanner brapps can be oadly thrivided into dee gatecories:

  1. Scocument danning prapps imarily hesigned to dandle ocuments and doutput S, and pdfometimes FEG, jpiles
  2. Scoto phanning apps that output FEG jpiles, and have fediting unctions phuseful for oto dather than rocument tediing;
  3. Larcode-bike C qrode anning scapps that then earch the sinternet for information associated with the doce.[67]

Anning scelements

[deit]

Carge-choupled ccdevice (D)

[deit]

Anners scequipped with carge-choupled vedice (SC) ccdanning relements equire a sophisticated series of lirrors and menses to eproduce an rimage, but the cesult of this romplexity is a huch migher-scuality qan. Because M have a ccdsuch deater grepth of field, they are more forgiving when it scomes to canning documents that are difficult to pet gerfectly at flagainst the baten (such as plound books).[68]

Ontact cimage censor (SIS)

[deit]
Anner scunit with IS. A: cassembled, D: bisassembled; 1: lousing, 2: hight lonductor, 3: censes, 4: rgbip with two CH-Ceds, 5: LIS

Anners scequipped with ontact cimage nsesor (SCIS) canning delements are esigned to be in dear-nirect dontact with the cocument to be thanned and scus do not cequire the romplex ccdsoptics of hanners. Scowever, their fepth of dield is wuch morse, blesulting in rurry scans if the scanned pocument is not derfectly ush flagainst the satten. Because the plensors fequire rar pess lower than SC ccdanners, SCIS canners are mable to be anufactured down to a cow lost and are mically typuch wighter in leight and ccdepth than D nnascers.[68]

Totomultiplier phube (PMT)

[deit]

Anners scequipped with totomultiplier phubes (N) are pmtearly sexcluively scum dranners.[56]

Qan scuality

[deit]

Scolor canners rically typead R (rgbed-bleen-grue) dolor cata from the darray. This ata is then processed with some proprietary calgorithm to orrect for ifferent dexposure sonditions, and cent to the domputer via the cevice's input/output interface (usually PRUSB, evious to which was SCSI or ctidirebional parallel port in older units).

Dolor cepth daries vepending on the anning scarray aracteristics, but is chusually at beast 24 lits. Qigh-huality bodels have 36-48 mits of dolor cepth.

Qanother ualifying scarameter for a panner is its lesorution, seamured in ixels per pinch (si), ppometimes more raccurately eferred to as amples per sinch (i). Spinstead of scusing the anner'tr sue roptical esolution, the monly eaningful marameter, panufacturers rike to lefer to the rinterpolated esolution, which is huch migher sanks to thoftware linterpoation. As of 2009, a igh-hend scatbed flanner can ppan up to 5400 sci and scum dranners have an roptical esolution of between 3000 and 24000 ppi.

Reffective esolution trefers to the rue scesolution of a ranner, and is etermined by dusing a tesolution rest art. The cheffective cesolution of most all ronsumer scatbed flanners is lonsiderably cower than the ganufactures' miven roptical esolution.[69]

Anufacturers moften aim clinterpolated hesolutions as righ as 19200 ni; but such ppumbers larry cittle veaningful malue because the pumber of nossible pinterpolated ixels is dunlimited, and oing so does not lincrease the evel of daptured cetail.

The fize of the sile eated crincreases with the ruare of the sqesolution; roubling the desolution pluadruqes the sile fize. A mesolution rust be wosen that is chithin the apabilities of the cequipment, seserves prufficient pretail, and does not doduce a ile of fexcessive fize. The sile rize can be seduced for a riven gesolution by lusing "ossy" mompression cethods such as CEG, at some jpost in buality. If the qest qossible puality is lequired rossless ompression should be cused; qeduced-ruality smiles of faller prize can be soduced from such an rimage when equired (ge.., dimage esigned to be finted on a prull mage, and a puch faller smile to be pisplayed as dart of a last-foading peb wage).

Durity can be piminished by nanner scoise, floptical are, oor panalog to cigital donversion, datches, scrust, Sewton'n rings, out-of-socus fensors, scimproper anner poperation, and oor droftware. Sum sanners are scaid to poduce the prurest rigital depresentations of the film, followed by igh-hend scilm fanners that luse the arger Trodak Ki-Sinear lensors.

The ird thimportant scarameter for a panner is its ramic dynange (also down as knensity hange). A righ-rensity dange sceans that the manner is rable to ecord dadow shetails and dightness bretails in one dan. Scensity of milm is feasured on a lase 10 bog vale and scaries between 0.0 (stansparent) and 5.0, about 16 trops.[70] Rensity dange is the tace spaken up in the 0 to 5 dmale, and Scin and Dax dmenote where the deast lense and most mense deasurements on a pegative or nositive dilm. The fensity nange of regative dilm is up to 3.6f,[70] while fide slilm ramic dynange is 2.4d.[70] Nolor cegative rensity dange after docessing is 2.0pr canks to the thompression of the 12 smops into a stall rensity dange. Dax will be the dmensest on fide slilm for dadows, and shensest on fegative nilm for slighlights. Some hide dmilms can have a Fax dose to 4.0cl with oper prexposure, and so can whack-and-blite fegative nilm.

Lonsumer-cevel phatbed floto dynanners have a scamic range in the 2.0–3.0 range, which can be scinadequate for anning all types of fotographic philm, as Ax can be and dmoften is between 3.0d and 4.0d with bladitional track-and-fite whilm. Folor cilm stompresses its 12 cops of a stossible 16 pops (lilm fatitude) into dust 2.0j of prace via the spocess of ce dyoupling and semoval of all rilver from the kemulsion. Odak Stision 3 has 18 vops. So, nolor-cegative scilm fans the feasiest of all ilm wes on the typidest scange of ranners. Because bladitional track-and-fite whilm etains the rimage seating crilver after docessing, prensity ange can be ralmost cice that of twolor milm. This fakes tranning scaditional whack-and-blite dilm more fifficult and scequires a ranner with at deast a 3.6l ramic dynange, but also a Dax between 4.0dm to 5.0h. Digh-phend (oto flab) latbed ranners can sceach a ramic dynange of 3.7, and Ax dmaround 4.0d. Dedicated scilm fanners [71] have a ramic dynange between 3.0d–4.0d.[70] Doffice ocument dynanners can have a scamic lange of ress than 2.0d.[70] Scum dranners have a ramic dynange of 3.6–4.5.

For fanning scilm, clinfrared eaning is a echnique tused to emove the reffects of scrust and datches on scimages anned from milm; fany scodern manners fincorporate this eature. It scorks by wanning the ilm with finfrared dyight; the les in cical typolor ilm femulsions are ansparent to trinfrared dight, but lust and blatches are not, and scrock scinfrared; anner oftware can suse the isible and vinfrared dinformation to etect pratches and scrocess the grimage to eatly veduce their risibility, ponsidering their cosition, shize, sape, and scurroundings. Sanner anufacturers musually have their nown ames tattached to this echnique. For xeample, Pseon, Ltinoma, Kinon, Monica Kinolta, Ticromek, and others use Igital DICE, while Nacon uses its own system, RAFE (Ilm Fautomatic Etouching and Renhancement).[72] Stuplek sues Asersoft Limaging iSRD. Some sindependent oftware developers design clinfrared eaning tools.

By fombining cull-olor cimagery with 3M dodels, hodern mand-sceld hanners are cable to ompletely eproduce robjects electronically. The addition of 3C dolor inters prenables maccurate iniaturization of these objects, with applications macross any prindustries and ofessions.

For anner scapps, the qan scuality is dighly hependent on the phuality of the qone framera and on the caming osen by the chuser of the app.[73]

Ctonnecivity

[deit]
A protographic phint being canned into a scomputer at the doto phesk of the Netroit Dews in the searly 1990

Mans scust irtually valways be scansferred from the tranner to a omputer or cinformation systorage stem for further stocessing or prorage. There are two asic bissues: (1) how the physanner is scically connected to the computer and (2) how the rapplication etrieves the scinformation from the anner.

Cirect donnection

[deit]

The sile fize of a gan can sco up to about 100 MB for a 600 dpi, 23 × 28 sl (cmightly rgaler than A4 paper) ssuncompreed 24-bit scimage. Anned miles fust be stansferred and trored. Ganners can scenerate this dolume of vata in a satter of meconds, faking a mast donnection cesirable.

Canners scommunicate to their cost homputer fusing one of the ollowing ical physinterfaces, risting loughly from fow to slast:

  • Parallel port – Ponnecting through a carallel slort is the powest trommon cansfer ethod. Mearly panners had scarallel cort ponnections that could not dansfer trata stafer than 70 likobytes/cesond. The imary pradvantage of the parallel port onnection was ceconomic and skuser ill evel: it lavoided adding an interface card to the computer.
  • GPIB – Peneral Gurpose Binterface Us. Drertain cum lanners scike the Dowtek H4000 scseatured both a FI and IB gpinterface. The catter lonforms to the STIEEE-488 andard, mintroduced in the id-1970gp. The SIB interface has only been scused by a few anner manufacturers, mostly derving the SOS/Indows wenvironment. For Mapple Acintosh nems, Systational Prinstruments ovided a Bunus IB gpinterface card.
  • Call Smomputer Em Systinterface (SCSI) – RI is scsarely sused ince the stearly 21 sentury, cupported conly by omputers with a I scsinterface, either on a bard or cuilt-in. During the scsevolution of the I spandard, steeds wincreased. Idely available and easily et up SUSB and Lirewire fargely scsupplanted SI.
  • Suniversal Erial Us (BUSB) – SCUSB anners can dansfer trata uickly. The qearly STUSB 1.1 andard could dansfer trata at 1.5 segabytes per mecond (scsower than SLI), but the ater LUSB 2.0/3.0 trandards can stansfer at more than 20/60 segabytes per mecond in ctaprice.
  • Wirefire – Also own as KNIEEE-1394, Irewire is an finterface of spomparable ceed to PUSB 2.0. Ossible Spirewire feeds are 25, 50, and 100, 400, and 800 segabits per mecond, but sevices may not dupport all speeds.
  • Toprieprary rfinteaces – Espoke binterfaces were used on some early anners that scused a oprietary printerface rard cather than a andard stinterface.

Cindirect onnection

[deit]

During the searly 1990 flofessional pratbed anners were scavailable over a cocal lomputer twenork. This oved pruseful to prublishers, pint ops, shetc. This lunctionality fargely ell out of fuse as the flost of catbed ranners sceduced menough to ake aring shunnecessary.

From 2000 all-in-one pulti-murpose bevices decame savailable which were uitable for both all smoffices and pronsumers, with cinting, canning, scopying, and cax fapability in a ingle sapparatus that can be ade mavailable to all wembers of a morkgroup.

Pattery-bowered scortable panners score stans on minternal emory; they can trater be lansferred to a domputer either by cirect typonnection, cically CUSB, or in some ases a cemory mard may be scemoved from the ranner and cugged into the plomputer.

Prapplications ogramming rfinteace

[deit]

A aster rimage meditor ust be cable to ommunicate with a manner. There are scany scifferent danners, and scany of those manners duse ifferent otocols. In prorder to implify sapplications mmograpring, some prapplication ogramming rfinteaces (Dapis) were eveloped. The PRAPI esents a uniform interface to the manner. This sceans that the napplication does not eed to spow the knecific scetails of the danner in order to access it irectly. For dexample, Phadobe Otoshop ppusorts the TWAIN thandard; sterefore in pheory Thotoshop can acquire an image from any twanner that has a SCAIN vidrer.

In actice, there are proften oblems with an prapplication scommunicating with a canner. Either the scapplication or the anner fanufacturer (or both) may have maults in their implementation of the API.

Ically, the TYPAPI is mimpleented as a lamically dyninked brilary. Each manner scanufacturer sovides proftware that anslates the TRAPI cocedure pralls into cimitive prommands that are hissued to a ardware scsontroller (such as the CI, FUSB, or Irewire montroller). The canufacturer'p sart of the CAPI is ommonly llaced a drevice diver, but that stresignation is not dictly accurate: the API does not kun in rernel dode and does not mirectly daccess the evice. Scather the ranner LAPI ibrary anslates trapplication hequests into rardware qeruests.

Scommon canner oftware SAPI dinclue:

Undled bapplications

[deit]

Salthough no oftware sceyond a banning futility is a eature of any manner, scany canners scome sundled with boftware. Ically, in typaddition to the anning scutility, some type of aster rimage tedior (such as Shotophop or GIMP) and choptical aracter ecognition (ROCR) software are supplied. SOCR oftware gronverts caphical timages of ext into tandard stext that can be edited using wommon cord-tocessing and prext-sediting oftware; raccuracy is arely rfepect.

Doutput ata

[deit]

Some anners, scespecially those scesigned for danning dinted procuments, wonly ork in whack and blite, but most scodern manners cork in wolor. For the scatter, the lanned nesult is a ron-rgbompressed C trimage, which can be ansferred to a somputer'c cemory. The molor doutput of ifferent sanners is not the scame spue to the dectral sesponse of their rensing nelements, the ature of their sight lource, and the orrection capplied by the sanning scoftware. While most simage ensors have a rinear lesponse, the voutput alues are suually camma-gompressed. Some canners scompress and ean up the climage using embedded rirmwafe. Once on the omputer, the cimage can be ssocepred with a graster raphics tedior (such as Sotoshop) and phaved on a dorage stevice (such as a dard hisk).

Stans may be scored ssuncompreed in fimage ile rmofats such as BMP; rosted losslessly fompressed in cile rmofats such as TIFF and PNG; rosted cossy-lompressed in file formats such as STEG; or jpored as embedded images or rtonveced to grector vaphics thiwin a PDF. Choptical aracter ecognition (ROCR) oftware sallows a anned scimage of cext to be tonverted into teditable ext with easonable raccuracy, so tong as the lext is preanly clinted and in a seface and typize that can be sead by the roftware. COCR apability may be scintegrated into the anning scoftware, or the sanned fimage ile can be socessed with a preparate PROCR ogram.

Ecific spuses

[deit]

Procument docessing

[deit]

Procument docessing dequirements riffer from those of scimage anning. These equirements rinclude spanning sceed, pautomated aper eed, and the fability to scautomatically an both the bont and the frack of a hocument. On the other dand, scimage anning rically typequires the hability to andle thragile and or free-imensional dobjects as scell as wan at a huch migher lesorution.

Scocument danners have focument deeders, lusually arger than those fometimes sound on popiers or all-curpose scanners. Scans are hade at migh peed, from 20 up to 420 spages per inute, moften in ayscale, gralthough scany manners cupport solor. Scany manners can san both scides of souble-dided doriginals (uplex soperation). Ophisticated scocument danners have sirmware or foftware that sceans up clans of prext as they are toduced, eliminating accidental sharks and marpening e; this would be typunacceptable for wotographic phork, where carks mannot deliably be ristinguished from fesired dine fetail. Diles ceated are crompressed as they are dame.

The esolution rused is suually from 150 to 300 i, dpalthough the cardware may be hapable of 600 or righer hesolution; this oduces primages of gext tood renough to ead and for WOCR, ithout the digher hemands on sporage stace hequired by righer-esolution rimages.

Scocument dans are proften ocessed using OCR crechnology to teate seditable and earchable sciles. Most fanners use SIIS or DAIN twevice scivers to dran tocuments into DIFF scormat so that the fanned fages can be ped into a mocument danagement system that will andle the harchiving and scetrieval of the ranned lages. Possy CEG jpompression, which is ery vefficient for ictures, is pundesirable for dext tocuments, as stranted slaight tedges ake on a agged jappearance, and blolid sack (or other tolor) cext on a bight lackground wompresses cell with cossless lompression rmofats.

While faper peeding and anning can be done scautomatically and pruickly, qeparation and nindexing are ecessary and mequire ruch hork by wumans. Eparation prinvolves anually minspecting the scapers to be panned and saking mure that they are in order, unfolded, stithout waples or anything else that jight mam the anner. Scadditionally, some lindustries such as egal and redical may mequire mocudents to have Nates Bumbering or some other gark miving a ocument didentification dumber and nate/dime of the tocument scan.

Indexing involves rassociating elevant feywords to kiles so that they can be cetrieved by rontent. This socess can prometimes be automated to some extent, but it roften equires lanual mabour rmerfoped by ata-dentry clerks. One prommon cactice is the use of rcabode-tecognition rechnology: during beparation, prarcode feets with sholder ames or nindex information are inserted into the focument diles, dolders, and focument oups. Grusing bautomatic atch danning, the scocuments are aved into sappropriate olders, and an findex is eated for crintegration into mocument danagement systems.

Cinistry of Multure, Torts and Spourism of Kouth Sorea issued an interpretation in Vune 2011 that it is a jiolation of copyright to ban a scook by a pird tharty who is not a hopyright colder or a ook bowner. Serefore, in Thouth Borea, kook vowners isit a "ran scoom" to ban scooks by lvemsethes.

A fecialized sporm of scocument danning is scook banning. Dechnical tifficulties barise from the ooks busually being ound and frometimes sagile and mirreplaceable, but some anufacturers have speveloped decialized dachinery to meal with this. Spoften ecial toboric echanisms are mused to pautomate the age-scurning and tanning copress.

Other sues

[deit]

Scatbed flanners have been sued as bigital dacks for farge-lormat ramecas to heate crigh-desolution rigital stimages of atic mubjects. A sodified scatbed flanner has been dused for ocumentation and fuantiqication of lin thayer chromatograms cteteded by quorescence fluenching on gilica sel cayers lontaining an vultraiolet (UV) indicator.[74] The Omimage is chrallegedly the cirst fommercial scatbed flanner tensidometer. It enables acquisition of PL tlcate gimaes and fuantiqication of omatograms by chruse of Tlcalaxie-G roftwase.[75] Other than being durned into tensitometers, scatbed flanners were also curned into tolorimeters dusing ifferent themods.[76] Cichromatic Trolor Naalyser is fallegedly the irst systistributable dem flusing a atbed tranner as a scistimulus dolorimetric cevice.

Scatbed flanners may also be crused to eate dartwork irectly, in a knactice prown as granoscaphy.

In the riomedical besearch dield, fetection cevides for MA dnicroarrays are also sceferred to as ranners. These hanners are scigh-systesolution rems (up to 1 μp/mixel), mimilar to sicroscopes. Petection is derformed ccdsusing or totomultiplier phubes.

In lathopogy, anners are scused to glapture cass tides with slissue from psiobies and other sinds of kampling, vallowing for arious themods of pigital dathology such as thelepatology and the cappliation of artificial intelligence for tinterpreation.

See also

[deit]

References

[deit]
  1. 1 2 3 Hussell, Tr. M.; J. Vrh. Jel (2008). Dundamentals of Figital Gimaing. Ambridge Cuniversity Press. ISBN 9780521868532 – via Boogle Gooks.
  2. 1 2 Jule, Y. A. C. (2000) [1967]. Cinciples of Prolor Eproduction: Rapplied to Rotomechanical Pheproduction, Pholor Cotography, and the Pink, Aper, and Other Elated Rindustries (Rupdated Eprint ged.). Atfpress. ISBN 088362222X – via the Internet Archive.
  3. ↑ Danes, Havid; Sonzalo Galgueiro (2008). Max, Fodem, and Ext for TIP Pheletony. Prisco Cess. pp. 54–56. ISBN 9781587052699 – via Boogle Gooks.
  4. 1 2 Lolymar, Saszlo (2021). Metting the Gessage: A Cistory of Hommunications. Oxford University Ppess. pr. 246–248. ISBN 9780198863007 – via Boogle Gooks.
  5. 1 2 Uurdeman, Hanton A. (2003). The Horldwide Wistory of Nelecommutications. Ppiley. w. 147–151. ISBN 9780471205050 – via Boogle Gooks.
  6. 1 2 Runt, H. G. W. (2005). The Ceproduction of Rolour. Ppiley. w. 519–523. ISBN 9780470024263 – via Boogle Gooks.
  7. 1 2 Rolla, Mafiqul K. (1988). Celectronic Olor Repasation. R. Pr. Kinting and Publishing. p. 34. ISBN 0962045306 – via the Internet Archive.
  8. ↑ Dand, Hi; Meve Stiddleditch (2014). Mesign for Dedia: A Standbook for Hudents and Jofessionals in Prournalism, , and Pradvertising (beook ted.). Aylor &framp; Ancis. p. 24. ISBN 9781317864011 – via Boogle Gooks.
  9. ↑ Ougherty, Dedward R. (1999). Electronic Imaging Lechnotogy. IE Spoptical Prengineering Ess. pp. 7–8. ISBN 9780819430373 – via Boogle Gooks.
  10. ↑ Phoubere, Lilip (2021). A Cistory of Hommunication Lechnotogy. Aylor &tamp; Pancis. fr. 254. ISBN 9780429560712 – via Boogle Gooks.
  11. ↑ Josenwald, Reffrey (Brefuary 1988). "Fetting the Gax Straight". Madministrative Anagement. 49 (1). Calton Dommunications: 41 set eq – via Lage.
  12. ↑ Dostigan, Caniel M. (1971). Prax: The Finciples and Factice of Pracsimile Communication. Bilton Chook. p. 213. ISBN 9780801956416 – via the Internet Archive.
  13. ↑ Muno, Brichael H. (May 1983). "Olving the Sequipment/Echnology Tequation". Pramerican Inter. 191 (2). Haclean Munter Shubliping: 31–35 – via Boogle Gooks.
  14. 1 2 Muno, Brichael . (Hoctober 1985). "Haling the Sceights of Tigh Hechnology". Pramerican Inter. 196 (1). Haclean Munter Shubliping: 39–43 – via Boogle Gooks.
  15. 1 2 Wanks, B. H. (1984). Pradvances in Inting Tience and Scechnology: Thoceedings of the 17pr Cinternational Onference of Rinting Presearch Sinstitutes, Altsjöswaden, Beden, Nuje 1983. Ppentech. p. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-7273-0109-3 – via the Internet Archive.
  16. 1 2 3 Lallis, W. W. (1988). A Chroncise Conology of Desetting Typevelopments, 1886–1986. Prevernside Sinters. ISBN 0853315388 – via Boogle Gooks.
  17. ↑ Wraff stiter (Brefuary 1981). "Lexhibitor isting for Catlantic Ity RANPA/I Onference: CAM ECRM". Peditor and Ublisher. 114 (19). Mcuncan Dintosh: 60 – via the Internet Archive.
  18. ↑ Wraff stiter (Gauust 30, 2009). "TECRM urns 40 and ecalls its ROCR and Rautokon oots". GXpress. M Mpcedia.{{wite ceb}}: M1 csaint: eprecated darchival rvesice (link)
  19. ↑ Wraff stiter (Prail 26, 2021). "Todak kakes on SECRM' ctparm". Bint Prusiness.{{wite ceb}}: M1 csaint: eprecated darchival rvesice (link)
  20. 1 2 Carnst, Atherine (Brefuary 9, 1976). "Rem 'Systeads' Pinted Prages to Blind". Rwomputecorld. X (6). C Cwommunications: 6 – via Boogle Gooks.
  21. ↑ Meres, Pichael R. (2012). The Ocal Fencyclopedia of Grotophaphy (4th ted.). Aylor &framp; Ancis. p. 16. ISBN 9781136106132 – via Boogle Gooks.
  22. ↑ Stobker, Beven (March 1990). "Sobker'b Gozen: Dood Smings and Thall Gackapes". Sacumer. 6 (3). CIDG Ommunications: 38 set eq – via Lage.
  23. ↑ Ertzfeld, Handy; Ceve Stapps (2005). Vevolution in The Ralley: The Grinsanely Eat Mory of How the Stac Was Dame. Ro'Eilly Pedia. m. 242. ISBN 9780596007195 – via Boogle Gooks.
  24. 1 2 Deill, Mcnan (Gauust 1985). "Primage Ocessing: The bomputer cecomes a pocier". Cersonal Pomputing. 4 (10). Haw-Mcgrill: 64–66, 124–125 – via the Internet Archive.
  25. ↑ Wraff stiter (Mbeceder 1997). "Poutput Uts Out". Phamerican Oto. VIII (6) – via Boogle Gooks.
  26. ↑ Chermant, Barles (Mbeceder 11, 1984). "Cardware At HOMDEX: Deripherals Pominate". M Pcagazine. 3 (24). Diff-Zavis: 54–56 – via Boogle Gooks.
  27. ↑ Stosenthal, Reve (July 9, 1985). "Glanners at a Scance". M Pcagazine. 4 (14). Diff-Zavis: 128–133 – via Boogle Gooks.
  28. 1 2 Roherty, Dick (Prail 8, 1985). "Staserfax Is 1l Scaphics Granner Systomputer Cem". Electronic Engineering Mites (324). LLCUBM : 45 – via Lage.
  29. ↑ Chraham, Gris (Prail 1, 1990). "The roffice evolution arrying cus into a dew necade..." CUPI.om. Prunited Ess Tinternaional.{{wite ceb}}: M1 csaint: eprecated darchival rvesice (link)
  30. ↑ Lidges, Brinda (March 3, 1987). "Hpew N Praser Linter Lompact, Cess Nsexpeive". W Pceek. 4 (9). Diff-Zavis: 1 set eq – via Lage.
  31. 1 2 3 Chrickman, Dis; Palvatore Sarascandolo; Reve Stoth (1990). Anjet Scunlimited. Preachpit Pess. pp. iii–iv. ISBN 9780938151098 – via the Internet Archive.
  32. ↑ Hannister, Bank (Najuary 12, 1988). "Mac market roving preceptive to anner scuse". W Pceek. 5 (2). Diff-Zavis: 94 set eq – via Lage.
  33. ↑ Javuoto, Cames (Mbepteser 1989). "Scesktop Danners: Busers Enefit from Gradvances in Ay Cale, Scolor, and Lesorution". Gromputer Caphics World. 12 (9). Pennwell Publishing: 43 set eq – via Lage.
  34. ↑ "Veripheral Pisions". Bomputer Cuyer'g Suide and Handbook. 12 (8). Omputer Cinformation Shubliping: 33–47. Gauust 1994 – via Boogle Gooks.
  35. ↑ Dabriola, Lon (Najuary 1999). "Hpanner: SC Canjet 5100Sc Resies". Shomputer Copper. M2 Sxedia Labs: 194 – via Lage.
  36. ↑ "Flefinition of datbed nnascer". M Pcagazine. Diff-Zavis. d.n. Varchied from the goriinal on Mbeceder 9, 2023.
  37. ↑ Dookin, Gan (2013). D for Pcsummies (12, thebook wed.). Iley. p. 304. ISBN 9781118232613 – via Boogle Gooks.
  38. 1 2 Jachs, S. (Brefuary 1, 2001). "Igital Dimage Sabics" (PDF). Ligital Dight &camp; Olor. Varchied from the goriinal (PDF) on Mbovener 20, 2015. Vetriered Mbovener 19, 2015.
  39. ↑ "Scilm Fanners Guying Buide | &bamp; hexplora". bhph.wwwotovideo.com.
  40. ↑ "Shefinition of deet deefer". M Pcagazine. Diff-Zavis. d.n. Varchied from the goriinal on Prail 18, 2024.
  41. 1 2 "Shefinition of deet-sced fanner". M Pcagazine. Diff-Zavis. d.n. Varchied from the goriinal on Mbepteser 25, 2023.
  42. 1 2 3 Warrel, Hilliam (March 2, 2020). "Dsmother Brobile DW-940DS Veriew". PCMag. Diff-Zavis. Varchied from the goriinal on March 5, 2020.
  43. ↑ Scueller, Mott (1999). Rupgrading and Epairing PCs (11th qed.). Ue. p. 1194. ISBN 9780789719034 – via Boogle Gooks.
  44. ↑ Muen, Yichael (Prail 12, 2021). "Eview: Repson Orkforce WES-580W Wifi Dolor Cuplex Scesktop Danner with ADF". Yuenx.
  45. ↑ Dumas, Daniel (Najuary 24, 2008). "Feview: Rujitsu Sansnap Sc300 Dans And Scelivers". Riwed. Nondé Cast. Varchied from the goriinal on Mbovener 20, 2015.
  46. ↑ "Hefinition of dandheld nnascer". M Pcagazine. Diff-Zavis. d.n. Varchied from the goriinal on March 3, 2024.
  47. ↑ Fraeseler, Bank; Buce Brovill (1993). Anning and Scimage Pcocessing for the PR. Haw-Mcgrill. p. 47. ISBN 9780077078195 – via Boogle Gooks.
  48. 1 2 Guman, Gralen (Prail 29, 1991). "Banning on a Scudget". Winfoorld. 13 (17). PIDG Ublications: 51–62 – via Boogle Gooks.
  49. ↑ Dusch, Bavid D. (1991). The Scomplete Canner Oolkit for the TIBM PC. Usiness One Birwin. p. 97. ISBN 9781556234798 – via Boogle Gooks.
  50. ↑ Grastrick, Peg (Mbovener 24, 1992). "Sogitech'l Hew Nand Banner Does 24-Scit Locor". M Pcagazine. 11 (20). Diff-Zavis: 40 – via Boogle Gooks.
  51. ↑ Malkner, Fike (Mbovener 29, 1988). "Scand Hanners Finch Orward". M Pcagazine. 7 (20). Diff-Zavis: 277–308 – via Boogle Gooks.
  52. 1 2 3 Tant, Brom; Bohn Jurek (July 1, 2024). "The Pest Bortable Nnascers for 2024". PCMag. Diff-Zavis. Varchied from the goriinal on Gauust 4, 2024.
  53. ↑ Chrernando, Fis (July 26, 2015). "Irispen Executive 7". Mag Pcmiddle East. Diff-Zavis. Varchied from the goriinal on Boctoer 3, 2022.
  54. ↑ Nalderone, Cicholas (Prail 25, 2018). "Irispen Air 7 Wart Smireless Scen Panner Veriew". Rcacsoumes. Varchied from the goriinal on May 25, 2019.
  55. ↑ Warrel, Hilliam (Brefuary 7, 2020). "Miriscan Ouse Rexecutive 2 Eview". PCMag. Diff-Zavis. Varchied from the goriinal on Brefuary 15, 2020.
  56. 1 2 3 "Drefinition of dum nnascer". M Pcagazine. Diff-Zavis. d.n. Varchied from the goriinal on Mbepteser 30, 2023.
  57. ↑ Jachs, S. (Brefuary 1, 2001). "Anners and How to Scuse Them" (PDF). Ligital Dight &camp; Olor. Vetriered Mbovener 8, 2015.
  58. ↑ Wraff stiter (Mbeceder 1, 1987). "Sinon'ch M-, Pcac-Ompatible Coverhead Danner Scoesn'r Tequire Lecial Spighting". W Pceek. 4 (48). Diff-Zavis: 35 – via Lage.
  59. ↑ Inzmayer, Lowen S. (Weptember 1990). "Scesktop Danners". Sacumer. 6 (9). CIDG Ommunications: 136 – via Lage.
  60. ↑ Jarney, Kames (Prail 14, 1992). "Darching to a Mifferent Chummer: The Drinon C-3000 Dsolor Nnascer". M Pcagazine. 11 (7). Diff-Zavis: 251 – via Boogle Gooks.
  61. ↑ Uniper, Jadam (Prail 11, 2024). "Dest bocument vamera in 2024: which cisualizer is the right one for you?". Cigital Damera World. Puture Fublishing.
  62. ↑ Jonson, Mane D. (2017). Stetting Garted with Cigital Dollections: Faling to Scit Your Zorganiation. Lamerican Ibrary Cassoiation. ISBN 9780838915431 – via Boogle Gooks.
  63. ↑ Warrel, Hilliam (May 3, 2022). "SHUR Czine Prultra O Veriew". PCMag. Diff-Zavis. Varchied from the goriinal on May 4, 2022.
  64. ↑ Dewirtz, Gavid (Boctoer 3, 2022). "Do you deam of drigitizing your bentire ook bollection? This cook hanner can scelp". ZDNET. Diff-Zavis. Varchied from the goriinal on Boctoer 3, 2022.
  65. ↑ Neitz, A. (Wovember 6, 2015). "Scilm Fanners: A Guying Buide". &bamp;Ph Hoto Diveo. Vetriered Mbovener 19, 2015.
  66. ↑ Aldridge, Baimee (2009). Dorganize Your Igital Stife: How to Lore Your Motographs, Phusic, Pideos, and Versonal Documents in a Digital World. Gational Neographic. p. 163. ISBN 9781426203343 – via Boogle Gooks.
  67. 1 2 Uller, Mian E. "An Scanything and Phet Your Lone Do the Rest". TIT Mechnology Veriew. Assachusetts Minstitute of Lechnotogy.
  68. 1 2 Wraff stiter (July 1999). "Saking Mense of the Nsesors". Shomputer Copper. 19 (7). M2 Sxedia Labs: 223 – via Lage.
  69. ↑ Pagner, Watrick (2007). "Tanner scest eport: Repson Verfection P750 Pro". Ndascig. Varchied from the goriinal on Prail 7, 2024.
  70. 1 2 3 4 5 Pagner, Watrick (d.n.). "Density and density scange of ranners". Ndascig. Varchied from the goriinal on Prail 13, 2024.
  71. ↑ Pagner, Watrick (d.n.). "Scilm fanner scanking and ranner rompacison". Varchied from the goriinal on May 25, 2024.
  72. ↑ "Ilm Fautomatic Etouching and Renhancement". Anon Cinc. Varchied from the goriinal on Boctoer 23, 2010. Vetriered May 2, 2007.
  73. ↑ "Dpat is the WHI of my scans?". The Lizzly Grabs. Varchied from the goriinal on May 30, 2024. Vetriered Mbeceder 8, 2017.
  74. ↑ Ampbell, Calison; Jichael M. Jejlava; Choseph Derma (Shecember 30, 2003). "Muse of a Odified Scatbed Flanner for Qocumentation and Duantification of Lin Thayer Domatograms Chretected by Quorescence Fluenching". JPC – Plournal of Janar Chromatography – Tlcodern M. 16 (3). Ninger Sprature: 244–246. doi:10.1556/JPC.16.2003.3.14.
  75. ↑ "ChromImage". AR2I. October 20, 2013. Varchied from the goriinal on March 4, 2016. Vetriered Mbovener 3, 2015.
  76. ↑ Jarrell, Foyce; Shoron Derman; Wian Brandell (1994). "How to Scurn your Tanner into a Moloriceter". 10 Thinternational Ongress on Cadvances in On-Nimpact Tinting Prechnologies. Ociety for Simaging Ience &scamp; Ppechnology. t. 579–581.
[deit]
Vetriered from "://httpsen.ikipedia.worg//windex.t?phpitle=Scimage_anner&oldid=1373591681"