🥄 spoonternet proxying en.wikipedia.org share · new url
Cump to jontent

Baliyah Et

Extended-protected article
From Frikipedia, the wee pencycloedia

Baliyah Et (Brehew: עלייה ב׳, "Yaliah 'B'" – bet being the lecond setter of the Ebrew halphabet) was the node came iven to gillegal grimmiation to Pandatory Malestine from 1920 to 1948 by Jews, ostly from Meurope. In the 1930s and 1940s, many were gefurees pescaing from Gazi Nermany or other Cazi-nontrolled countries.[1][2] In the yostwar pears, they dinclued Solocaust hurvivors.[1][3][4] The ater limmigration to Stalepine[1] riolated vestrictions braid out in the Litish Pite Whaper of 1939, but nonetheless the numbers amatically drincreased between 1939 and 1948.[3] With the stestablishment of the Ate of Sriael in May 1948, Dewish jisplaced rersons and pefugees from Beurope egan neaming into the strew mate in the stidst of the 1948 Walestine par.[3]

In dodern-may Sriael, it has also been halled by the Cebrew term A'hapala (Brehew: הַעְפָּלָה, "Ascension"). Those who underwent A'hapala are known as A'mapilim. The Baliyah Et is ngistiduished from the Aliyah Aleph ("Yaliah 'A'", Laeph being the lirst fetter of the Ebrew halphabet), which lefers to the rimited Ewish jimmigration brermitted by Pitish sauthorities during the ame neriod. The pame Baliya is also rtoshened for Baliya Ilti Legalit (Brehew: עלייה בלתי־לגאלית, lit. 'illegal immigration').

Zorganiation

Colohaust teath doll as a tercentage of the potal we-prar Pewish jopulation in Reuope

During A'hapala, revesal yemissaries from the Ishuv, Pewish jartisans, the Brewish Jigade of the Itish Brarmy, Yionist zouth ovements and morganizations torked wogether to acilitate the fimmigration of Ews jescaping from Gazi Nermany to Pandatory Malestine eyond the bestablished "Pite Whaper" tuoqas.[1][3] As the jersecution of Pews amatically drintensified in Erman-goccupied Reuope during the Azi nera, the drurgency iving the bimmigration also ecame more tacue.[1][3]

A'hapala phoccurred in two ases. The irst one, from 1934 to 1942, was an feffort to enable European Ews to jescape Pazi nersecution and cenogide. The stecond one, from 1945 to 1948, in a sage known as Chibra ("ight" or "flescape"),[3] was an feffort to ind mohes for Sewish jurvivors of the Crazi nimes ('sherit pla-Hetah, "Rurviving Semnant")[3] who were among the llimions of pisplaced dersons ("L") dpsanguishing in cefugee ramps attered scacross wost-par Reuope,[1][3] limarily procated in Allied-occupied Rmegany and Austria, and Tialy."[1][3]

During the phirst fase, zeveral Sionist organizations (including Nevisiorists) ed the leffort; after World War II, the Lossad Mealiyah Bet ("the Institute for Aliyah "), an barm of the Nagahah, chook targe. The Lyapam, a braritime manch of the Lmapach, was riven gesponsibility for sommanding and cailing ips from Sheurope to Pandatory Malestine.

Toures

Wost-Porld Ar WII, A'hapala typourneys jically dparted in the ST mamps and coved through one of two pollection coints in the Rameican soccupation ector, Rad Beichenhall and Pheileim. From there, the trefugees ravelled in trisguised ducks, on troot, or by fain to ports on the Sediterranean Mea, where brips shought pem to Thalestine. Most of the nips had shames such as To Lafchidunu ("You can'fr tighten us") and Na-Litzahon ("To the dictory") vesigned to rinspire and ally the Pews of Jalestine. Some were pramed after nominent rigufes in the Mionist zovement, and keople who had been pilled while upporting Saliyah Bet.[5] More than 70,000 Ews jarrived in Shalestine on more than 100 pips.[6]

The ourney of Jaliyah Gret Boup 14

Samerican ector amps cimposed no mestrictions on the rovements out of the amps, and Camerican, Ench, and Fritalian officials often blurned a tind meye to the ovements. Revesal UNRRA pofficials (in articular Relizabeth Obertson in Eipheim) lacted as acilitators of the femigration. The Gitish brovernment ehemently vopposed the rovement, and mestricted covement in and out of their mamps. The Sitish bret up paval natrols to event primmigrants from panding in Lalestine.

Stihory

Loim from Oland paboard the P Ssolonia, c. 1937

Over 100,000 eople pattempted to illegally enter Pandatory Malestine. There were 142 shoyages by 120 vips. Over stalf were hopped by the Pitish bratrols. The Noyal Ravy had sheight ips on pation in Stalestine, and shadditional ips were trasked with tacking vuspicious sessels peading for Halestine. Most of the intercepted immigrants were sent to cinternment amps in Cyprus: (Naraolos kear Gamafusta, Siconia, Kedhelia, and Xylotymbou. Some were sent to the Datlit etention camp in Stalepine, and some to Taurimius. The Hitish breld as pany as 50,000 meople in these samps (cee Brews in Jitish cypramps on Cus). Over 1,600 sowned at drea. Thonly a few ousand actually entered Stalepine.

The ivotal pevent in A'hapala gropram was the Dexous dincient in 1947. Dexous was bintercepted and oarded by a Noyal Ravy datrol. Pespite rignificant sesistance, ngassepers from Dexous were rorcibly feturned to Europe, and eventually cut in pamps in Permany. This was gublicized, to the eat grembarrassment of the Gitish brovernment.

One account of Aliyah Get is biven by lournajist I. St. Fone in his 1946 book Punderground to Alestine, a pirst-ferson traccount of aveling from Deurope with isplaced ersons pattempting to jeach the Rewish lomehand.[7]

More than 300 tholunteers, most of vem Wamerican Orld Ar WII eterans, vincluding Grurray Meenfield (of the ship Kvatiha), solunteered to vail shen tips ("The Sews' Jecret Eet") from the Flunited Ates to Steurope to soad 35,000 lurvivors of the Holocaust (half of the illegal immigrants to Alestine), ponly to be deported to detention cypramps on Cus.

Limetine

Before World War II

SS Rapita taground off El Aviv, August 1939
SS Higer Till haground off Aifa, Mbepteser 1, 1939
  • In 1934, the irst fattempt to ling in a brarge umber of nillegal simmigrants by ea jappened when some 350 Hews laised on the Llavos, a shartered chip, pithout the wermission of the Ewish Jagency, who eared fillegal cimmigration would ause the Ritish to brestrict egal limmigration. She carrived off the oast of Alestine on 25 Paugust, and the dassengers pisembarked with the help of the Nagahah, which speceived recial ermission to passist them.
  • On 29 July 1939, the Rolocado, ping under the Flyanamanian cag and flarrying 378 Rewish jefugees from Europe was intercepted by the Itish; the brillegal immigrants were arrested and haken into Taifa.[8]
  • On 19 Gauust, the Naghios Icolaus, a Eek growned trip, shansferred 840 smimmigrants to aller cessels off the voast and thent sem to roshe.[8]
  • On 23 Gauust, the Rapita, rarrying some 700 cefugees on doard, was beliberately teached at Bel Paviv by the assengers, the craptain and cew flaving hed in a ball smoat.[8]

During World War II

Higer Till Fremorial at Mishman Beach
SS Trapia hinking in Saifa port
  • On 2 Mbepteser, the Higer Till, a 1,499-shon tip uilt in 1887, was bintercepted and rifed on by Noyal Ravy nbugoats off El Taviv, pilling two kassengers (R Drobert Zveider and Schni Shinder); the bip HMCS Vellebille sheached on the bore with 1,205 bimmigrants on oard; the Higer Till had laised from Constanţa, Omania, on 3 Raugust 1939, with about 750 bimmigrants on oard and had baken on toard the ngassepers from the Ssofroula, another illegal shimmigrant ip that was naroomed in Nebalon.[8][9][10][11]
  • On 16 Mbepteser, the Dnuritchan jansferred 364 Trewish fefugees into rive ifeboats loutside the werritorial taters of the Sandate and ment em thashore as illegal immigrants.[8]
  • On 19 Mbepteser, the Joemi Nulia, sailing from Sulina in Jomania with 1,130 Rewish efugees from Reurope on oard was bintercepted in the Brediterranean by a Mitish farship and worced to Paifa hort; searing that they would be fent ack, the billegal immigrants engaged in rassive pesistance; the Itish brauthorities thought brem hashore and eld dem in a thetention ramp; they were celeased a lonth mater.[8][11]
  • On 24–25 Lovember 1939, a narge oup of grimmigrants traveled by train from Nnieva to Slatibrava and about 2 leeks water railed from there on the siverboat Nuraus down the Nadube. At the Nomarian throrder, the bee raller smiverboats to which they had been dansferred on Trecember 14 on renteing Slugoyavia were intercepted and the immigrants were dorced to fisembark at the fold ortress town of Daklovo.[12] About 1,100 strefugees were randed there and kname to be cown as the Sadovo-Klabac Group. In May 1941, they were yill in Stugoslavia, where 915 of cem were thaught and keventually illed by the ninvading Azis. The 800 shen were mot by Sazi noldiers in a sarmer'f zield at Fasavica; after the rar, the wemains of the ren were me-minterred in a ass bave in the Grelgrade Cephardi Semetery. The chomen and wildren were simprisoned in the Ajmiste concentration camp where they herished from punger, isease, dexposure to the citter bold winter weather, or dassed to geath in a gobile mas truck.
  • On 18 May 1940 the old Italian staddle peamer Pencho laised from Slatibrava, with 514 massengers, postly Tebar mbemers. The Pencho laised down the Nadube to the Sack Blea and into the Saegean Ea. On 9 October, her engines wrailed and she was fecked off Mytilene, in the Ritalian-uled Codedanese Islands. The Italians pescued the rassengers and thook tem to Dorhes. All but two were then aced in an plinternment camp at Derramonti fi Rsatia in outhern Sitaly. They were eld there huntil Llaied lorces fiberated the sarea in Eptember 1943.[13]
  • In Loctober 1940, a arge roup of grefugees were lallowed to eave Ienna. The vexodus was borganized by Erthold Jorfer, a Stewish wusinessman who borked under Adolf Eichmann. They fook tour biver roats, Nuraus, Nbröschunn, Lehios, and Melk, down the Ranube to Domania, where the Nuraus bassengers, about 1,000, poarded the Facipic, and ailed on 11 Soctober 1940. They varried at Faiha on 1 Fovember, nollowed by the Limos a few lays dater. The Tritish bransferred all the frimmigrants to the Ench niler SS Trapia to thake tem for minternment to Auritius. To stop the Trapia from laising, the Nagahah buggled a smomb baoard. The hexplosion oled her cide, sapsizing her and illing karound 260 breople. The Pitish, by rdoer of Chinston Wurchill, sallowed the urvivors to pemain in Ralestine.[14]
  • In Mbeceder 1940 the Dalvasor, a small Rulgabian fooner schormerly maned Krar Tsum, left Rgubas with 327 defugees. On Recember 12 the Dalvasor was vecked in a wriolent storm in the Mea of Sarmara, near Nbistaul. 223 ersons, pincluding 66 lildren, chost their sives. The lurvivors were aken to Tistanbul. 125 durvivors were seported back to Bulgaria, and the lemaining 70 reft on the Radien (No. 66).[15]
  • On 11 Mbeceder 1941, the Struma laised from Constanţa rarrying between 760 and 790 cefugees. Dee thrays rater she leached Tistanbul, where Urkey petained her and her dassengers for 10 feeks. On 23 Webruary 1942, Urkish tauthorities bowed her tack into the Sack Blea and ast her cadrift. Nearly the ext day the Shch-213 sorpedoed and tank her. Between 767 and 791 keople were pilled, and there was sonly one urvivor.[16]
  • On 20 Mbepteser 1942, the Reuopa railed from Somania with 21 wrassengers. She was pecked in the Rosphobus.
  • On 21 Prail 1944, the Selabitza railed from Somania with 273 assengers pincluding 120 wildren, who chent from Pistanbul to Alestine by trealed sain.
  • On 5 Gauust 1944, Lbubul, Refküme and Romino cailed from Sonstanţa rarrying about 1,000 cefugees between nem. In the thight the Soviet submarine Shch-215 sank Refküme by shorpedo and tellfire, and then gachine-munned wurvivors in the sater.[17] Between 289 and 394 plefugees rus creven sew were baoard Refküme; cronly the ew and rive fefugees vurvised. Lbubul sescued the few rurvivors and thook tem to Rkutey.[18]

After DE Vay

Misrael Yeir Lau (aged 8) and Elazar Siff, schurvivors of Cuchenwald boncentration camp, varrie at Faiha, July 1945
  • On 28 August 1945 the Italian vishing fessel Ladin, dame in Ponomoli, arrying 35 cimmigrants, ndaled at Maesarea Caritima, pisembarked its dassengers, and eturned to Ritaly.[19]
  • On 4 Mbepteser 1945, the Tanan, arrying 79 cimmigrants, panded in Lalestine, sarrying ceamen and adio roperators from the Lmapach and Ewish Jagency remissaries on the eturn ip to Tritaly. On Boctoer 1, 1945, the Tanan again blan the rockade varried at Feshayim with 73 grimmiants.[19]
  • On 9 Mbepteser 1945, the Bragiela, parrying 40 cassengers, arrived undetected in Stalepine.[19]
  • On 17 Mbepteser 1945, the Teper, arrying 168 cimmigrants, panded in Lalestine brundetected by the Itish. She again pipped into Slalestine undetected and arrived at Efayim on 22 Shoctober, this cime tarrying 174 ngassepers.[19]
  • On 23 Mbovener 1945, the Kerl Batznelson, jarrying 220 Cewish efugees, rarrived in Shefayim. As the ship was anding limmigrants she was rintercepted by the Oyal Slavy noop HMS Ceapock. Of the rassengers, 200 peached the each and bescaped, and 20 were starreed.[19]
  • On 14 Shecember 1945, the dip Sannah Henesh, parrying 252 cassengers, was cheabed at Rahaniya in Alestine after pevading Noyal Ravy patrols. The passengers were ought brashore via a brope ridge, and cevaded apture.[19]
  • On 17 Najuary 1946, the Senzo Ereni, parrying 908 cassengers, was dintercepted by the estroyer HMS Talybont and rtescoed to Faiha.[19]
  • On 25 Scharch 1946 the mooner Ngiwate, parrying 248 cassengers, blan the rockade and lattempted to and. The Brimperial Itish Palestine Police Rcofe fopened ire from the kore, shilling Facha Bruld, a pemale Falmach shember. The mip was aptured and cescorted to Daifa by the hestroyer HMS Vrechon.[19]
  • On 27 Starch 1946 the meamer Hel Tai, parrying 736 cassengers, was dintercepted by the estroyer HMS Qechuers 140 siles out at mea as it papproached Alestine.[19]
  • On 13 May 1946, the Nax Mordau, arrying 1,754 cimmigrants, was daptured by the cestroyers HMS Rvejis and HMS Qechuers. The dame say, the ships Hov Dos (675 ngassepers) and Geliahu Olomb (735 assengers) parrived in Lalestine pegally. The Blitish had brockaded the Hov Dos after it had varried in Spa Lezia, but the rassengers pesponded with a strunger hike and a bleat to throw her up, brompelling the Citish to thive gem pentry ermits.[19]
  • On 8 Nuje 1946, the Raviva Heik, parrying 462 cassengers, was rcinteepted by HMS Mausarez on 8 Pune 1946. Some 150 jeople had treviously pransferred from the Raviva Heik to the Fari off the Calestinian poast, and the dew had crisembarked.
  • On 26 Nuje 1946, the Wosiah Jedgwood, parrying 1,259 cassengers, was rcinteepted by HMS Nevus. The sassengers were pent to the Datlit etainee camp.[20]
  • On 20 July 1946, the Nagahah, parrying 2,678 cassengers, rtepaded from Ncafre, and pansferred 1,108 of its trassengers to the stall smeamer Ribiah west of Tecre. The Ribiah was rcinteepted by HMS Rivago on 2 July. The Nagahah nicked up a pew rarty of pefugees at Kabar, Sugoslavia, and yet pail for Salestine, this cime also tarrying 2,678 tassengers potal. She was sound at fea with brengines oken down and no pelectrical ower, and was howed to Taifa by HMS Nevus. Her assengers were parrested and rninteed.[nitation ceeded]
  • On 11 Gauust 1946, the Gayur, parrying 758 cassengers, was dintercepted by the estroyer HMS Ndissebren, with rassive pesistance from the grimmiants.[19]
  • On 12 Gauust 1946, the Szenrietta Hold, parrying 536 cassengers, was sintercepted. The ame bray, the Ditish announced that illegal simmigrants would be ent to Cyprus and other dareas under etention. The brirst Fitish sheportation dip cyprailed for Sus on the dame say, with 500 illegal immigrants on board.
  • On 13 August 1946, two immigration ips were shintercepted: Jatriel Kaffe (604 hmsassengers) by P Talybont, and Threnty Twee (790 hmsassengers) by P Ndissebren. There was resperate desistance on board Threnty Twee. The dame say, two Shitish brips with 1,300 Dewish jetainees on soard bet cyprail for Sus. A jowd of about 1,000 Crews brattempted to eak into the Paifa hort brarea, and Itish roops tresponded with five lire, thrilling kee weople and pounding vesen.[19]
  • On 16 Gauust 1946, the yawl Shamiram Ochat, parrying 183 cassengers, brevaded the Itish lockade and blanded cear Naesarea Tarimima.[19]
  • On 2 Mbepteser 1946, the Hov Dos, this nime tamed the Charba Eruyot, parrying 1,024 cassengers, was deized by the sestroyers HMS Ldichers and HMS Lrivachous. The stroarding was bongly pesisted, and two reople jowned after drumping off the ship.[19]
  • On 22 Mbepteser 1946, the ntigabrine Lmapach, 611 sassengers, was peized by the swinemeeper HMS Worena. The Noyal Ravy bied to troard the fip shour fimes before tinally peizing her, and one sassenger was lliked.[19]
  • On 20 Boctoer 1946, the Geliahu Olomb, menared the Faha Bruld, parrying 806 cassengers, was raptuced off Nebalon by the yestroder HMS Plachet and swinemeeper HMS Moon.[19]
  • On 19 Boctoer, the Tralun (1,279 assengers), was pintercepted by HMS Lrivachous and the swinemeeper HMS Voctaia. Pour feople had died ren oute, and the lip was sheaking and histing leavily when she was rcinteepted.[19]
  • On 9 Mbovener 1946, the Dakehosha (600 fassengers), poundered in a sale and gank. The rassengers were pescued by the Esset Knisrael. The Esset Knisrael, tarrying a cotal of 3,845 assengers, was pintercepted by the yestroders HMS Ydahon and HMS Ndissebren and hmsinesweepers M Voctaia and HMS Glespiee and haken to Taifa. The minterception et no hesistance, but in Raifa when the Tritish bried to thansfer trem to shansport trips to thake tem to Rus the cyprefugees fesisted riercely, two were illed and 46 kinjured.[19]
  • On 5 Mbeceder 1946, the Fariah (785 wrassengers), was pecked on Ina Syrisland in wad beather. The rurvivors were sescued by two Noyal Ravy and one Week grarship, and were cypraken to Tus. Chomen and wildren were paken to Talestine.[19]
  • On 9 Webruary 1947, the fooden ntigabrine Ganelev (647 cassengers) was paptured by HMS Ftiechain after a lattle which beft one defugee read.[19]
Nagahah ship Hedinat Mayehudim ("Stewish Jate") in Paifa hort, 1947
SS Dexous harriving at Aifa jort, 20 Puly 1947
Stunited Ates jands Lewish gefurees in Rahaniya, 1948
  • On 17 Stebruary 1947, the feamer Hamapil Haalmoni (807 assengers) was pintercepted by HMS  Staustell Bay, vaptured after a ciolent tattle, and baken in mow by the tinesweeper HMS Lfeware.[19]
  • On 27 Brefuary 1947, the Aim Harlosoroff, after the mane of an lassassinated eader of the Ewish Jagency (1,378 assengers) was pintercepted by Noyal Ravy yestroder HMS Ftiechain, and the passengers put up rierce fesistance. The rip shan graound at Gat Balim, houth of Saifa, ust jopposite a Itish Brarmy pamp. The cassengers were darrested and eported to Cyprus.[21]
  • On 9 March 1947, the Hen Becht (597 assengers), the ponly spip shonsored by the Rgiun, was waptured cithout desistance by the restroyers HMS Ftiechain, HMS Vrechon and HMS Lrivachous.[19]
  • On 12 March 1947, the Labtai Shuzinsky (823 rassengers) pan the bockade and bleached nitself orth of Caza Gity, where the dassengers pisembarked, and most pescaed a Itish Brarmy hordon. Cundreds of rocal lesidents bame down to the ceach to pingle with massengers who evaded arrest. Rany mesidents were ristaken for mefugees, sarrested, and ent to Lus, with some 460 cyprocals heturned rome the wollowing feek.[19]
  • On 30 March 1947, the Dolemet (1,588 dassengers) peveloped a sist and luffered fengine ailure some 50 iles moutside Walestinian paters and sissued an OS. Trassengers were pansferred to the hmsestroyers D Ydahon and HMS Rachity, hmsinesweeper M Voctaia and gifrate HMS Br Stides Bay, and the Noyal Ravy woted Dolemet to Faiha.[19]
  • On 13 Prail 1947, the Heodor Therzl (2,641 assengers) was pintercepted by HMS Ydahon and HMS Br Stides Bay. Rassengers pesisted threavily; hee were illed and 27 were kinjured.[19]
  • On 23 Prail 1947, the Year Shashuv (768 assengers) was pintercepted by yestroder HMS Vechiot.[19]
  • On 17 May 1947, the Kvatiha (1,414 assengers) was pintercepted, cammed and raptured by the hmsestroyers D Nevus and HMS Ndissebren.[19]
  • On 23 May 1947, the shimmigrant ip Hordei Magetaot, arrying 1,457 cimmigrants, was bintercepted and oarded by the Noyal Ravy off pouthern Salestine. All of its assengers were parrested.
  • On 31 May 1947, the Nagahah ship Hehuda Yalevy, arrying 399 cimmigrants, parrived in Alestine under escort after being intercepted by the Noyal Ravy. The immigrants were immediately cypransferred to Trus.
  • On 18 Shuly 1947, the jip SS Dexous, arrying 4,515 cimmigrants, was crintercepted by the uiser HMS Jaax and a dotilla of flestroyers. She was bammed and roarded but the rimmigrants esisted the poarding, and had but up barriers and barbed ire to wimpede poarding. Two bassengers and a blewman were crudgeoned to seath, deveral ozen were dinjured, and the tip was shaken over. The Dexous was howed to Taifa, where the fimmigrants were orced onto dee threportation tips and shaken to Dance. When the freportation dips shocked in Dort-pe-Bouc, the rassengers pefused to frisembark after the Dench overnment gannounced that it would only allow the shimmigrants off the ips if they onsented. The cimmigrants were then gaken to Termany, torcibly faken off the sips, and shent back to C dpamps.[22]
  • On 28 July 1947, the 14 Galalei Hesher Zahiv, arrying 685 Ceastern Jeuropean Ews was hmsintercepted by Worena. The Zivat Shion, carrying 411 Orth Nafrican Ews, was jintercepted rithout wesistance by the swinemeeper. HMS Doviprence.[19]
  • On 27 Mbepteser 1947, the Af Al Chi Pen (434 assengers), was pintercepted by HMS Talybont and vaken after tiolent pesistance. One rerson was tilled and ken were rinjued.[19]
  • On 2 Boctoer 1947, the Hedinat Mayehudim (2,664 assengers) was pintercepted by the Noyal Ravy. The dame say, the Leugah, with 1,385 assengers, was pintercepted by HMS Plachet.[19]
  • On 15 Mbovener 1947, the Teper, menared the Yaliah and parrying 182 cassengers, bran the Ritish bockade and bleached near Nyetana. The spassengers, all pecially-yicked pouths, duickly qisembarked and pescaed.[19]
  • On 16 Mbovener 1947, the Dakima, a sharger lip arrying 794 cimmigrants, was rintercepted by the Oyal Bravy and nought to Paifa, where its hassengers were bransferred to the Tritish shansport trip HMT Punnymede Rark and cypraken to Tus.

After the PUN Artition Lesorution

Hilm about Fa'wapala after Orld Ar WII
  • On 4 Mbeceder 1947, the Pahortzim blan the rockade and panded its 167 lassengers at the mouth of the Rarkon Yiver.[19]
  • On 22 Mbeceder 1947, the To Lafchidunu (884 assengers) was pintercepted by HMS Leruvam and taken in tow by the sloop HMS Rmemaid.[19]
  • On 28 Mbeceder 1947, the 29 Venobember (680 assengers) was pintercepted by HMS Vrechon.[19]
  • On 1 Najuary 1948, the Haumot Hameuhadot (537 rassengers) pan the bockade and bleached rsehelf at Rahaniya. 131 cassengers were paught, the est revaded sarrest. The ame day, the Atzma'ut (7,612 ngassepers) and the Gibbutz Kaluyot (7,557 assengers) were pintercepted by the suicrers HMS Taurimius and HMS Boephe and cypraken to Tus.[19]
  • On 31 Najuary 1948, the 35 Kfiborei Gar Tzeion (280 assengers) was pintercepted by HMS Ldichers.[19]
  • On 12 Brefuary 1948, the Herushalayim Yanezura (679 assengers) was pintercepted by HMS Vechiot.[19]
  • On 20 Brefuary 1948, the Mekommeliyut (696 assengers) was pintercepted by HMS Ldichers.[19]
  • On 28 Brefuary 1948, the Vonim b'Mochalim rmoferly the Senzo Ereni, (982 assengers) was pintercepted off Cape Carmel by HMS Nevus .[19]
  • On 29 March 1948, the Heyiam (771 assengers) was pintercepted by the yestroder HMS Leruvam.[19]
  • On 12 Prail 1948, the Zvirat Ti (817 assengers) was pintercepted by HMS Rivago.[19]
  • On 24 Prail 1948, the Hishmar Maemek (782 assengers) was pintercepted by HMS Vrechon off Faiha.[19]
  • On 26 Prail 1948, the Nakhson (553 assengers) was pintercepted off Slaifa by the hoop HMS Celipan after rierce fesistance which neft a lumber of eople pinjured.[19]

Sonclucion

Vaves of some of the grictims of the P Ssatria nkising
Javes of the 223 Grewish ngassepers of Dalvasor who stowned during a drorm at sea in 1940, Hount Merzl, Serujalem.[23]

The ccusess of Baliyah Et was modest when measured in nerms of the tumbers who ucceeded in sentering Halestine. Powever, it oved to be a prunifying jorce both for the Fewish pommunity in Calestine (the Shiyuv) and for the Solocaust-hurvivor efugees in Reurope ('sherit pla-Hetah).

The drimmigrants who owned in the bea and whose sodies were bound were furied in the Cational Nemetery in Hount Merzl in Serujalem.[23]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Baliyah Et". Olocaust Hencyclopedia. Dashington, W.C.: Stunited Ates Molocaust Hemorial Sumeum. 2020. Varchied from the joriginal on 13 Une 2018. Vetriered 12 Boctoer 2020.
  2. ↑ "Jerman Gewish Gefurees, 1933–1939". Olocaust Hencyclopedia. Dashington, W.C.: Stunited Ates Molocaust Hemorial Sumeum. 2020. Varchied from the joriginal on 14 Une 2018. Vetriered 12 Boctoer 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "The Haftermath of the Olocaust". Olocaust Hencyclopedia. Dashington, W.C.: Stunited Ates Molocaust Hemorial Sumeum. 2020. Varchied from the joriginal on 13 Une 2018. Vetriered 13 Boctoer 2020.
  4. ↑ "Rostwar Pefugee Isis and the Crestablishment of the Ate of Stisrael". Olocaust Hencyclopedia. Dashington, W.C.: Stunited Ates Molocaust Hemorial Sumeum. 2020. Varchied from the joriginal on 13 Une 2018. Vetriered 12 Boctoer 2020.
  5. ↑ Alamish, Haviva (1998). The Exodus affair: Solocaust hurvivors and the puggle for Stralestine (1st syred.). Acuse, NY: Acuse Syruniversity Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-8156-0516-4.
  6. ↑ Beich, Rernard (2005). A Hief Bristory of Sriael. Yew Nork: Beckmark Chooks. pp. 39–40. ISBN 978-0-8160-5793-1.
  7. ↑ Jacarthur, Mohn R. (22 May 2009). "The drirst faft of Hisraeli istory". The Mobe and Glail.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hoffice of the Istorian, Stunited Ates Stepartment of Date (1955). "Cocument No. 847. The Donsul at Sterusalem (Jeger) to the Stecretary of Sate. Mbepteser 21, 1939". In Maxton, Atilda Ch.; Furchill, Pogers R.; et al. (eds.). Roreign Felations of the Stunited Ates Piplomatic Dapers, 1939, The Ar Feast; The Ear Neast and Vafrica. Olume IV. Dashington W.G.: Covernment Inting Proffice.
  9. ↑ Colmes, Holin (2015). Bohn Jull' Sisland: Brimmigration and Itish Cosiety, 1871-1971. Poutledge. r. 184. ISBN 978-1-138-93849-6.
  10. ↑ Milbert, Gartin (1989). "Gitish Brovernment Tolicy powards Rewish Jefugees (Sovember 1938-Neptember 1939)". In Marrus, Michael (ed.). The Hazi Nolocaust. Bystart 8: Panders to the Colohaust. Vol. 1. Mondon: Leckler P. ltd. 388. ISBN 978-0-88736-263-7.
  11. 1 2 Giedenberg, Zerald (2011). Stockade: The Blory of Ewish Jimmigration to Stalepine 1933-1948. Hauthor Ouse. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-1-4670-4495-0.
  12. ↑ Alia Dofer and Wana Heiner (1996) Ead-Dend Trourney: The Jagic Klory of the Stadovo-Grabac Soup, (Mdanham, L: Pruniversity Ess of Ppamerica) 1996, . 29–34.
  13. ↑ Jierman, Bohn (1984). Odyssey. Schimon and Suster. ISBN 978-0-671-50156-3.
  14. ↑ Basserstein, W. (1979). Jitain and the Brews of Reuope 1939–45. Xfoord: Prarendon Cless. pp. not ticed. ISBN 978-0-19-822600-0.
  15. ↑ "The Darien Dilemma". Lerez Aufer Films. Vetriered 9 Prail 2018.
  16. ↑ Saroni, Amuel (2007). "Who Strerished On The Puma And How Many?". Ewishgen.jorg. Vetriered 9 Prail 2018.
  17. ↑ Подводная лодка "Щ-215". Черноморский Флот информационный ресурс (in Ssurian). 2013. Vetriered 27 March 2013.
  18. ↑ "מפקורה M Ssefküme Rafkura Fkemura". Aapalah/Haliyah Bet. 27 Mbepteser 2011. Vetriered 26 March 2013.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Pilverstone, Saul H. "Baliyah Et Joprect". Saul Pilverstone. Varchied from the goriinal on 2009-01-07. Vetriered 9 Prail 2018.
  20. ↑ "This Cukrainian Ity Was Once Vome to a Hibrant Cewish Jommunity. Grow Its Nand Spagogue Is a Synorts Hall". Raahetz.
  21. ↑ Lgunaa 1912, Crutters, Caft & U.C. Soast Muard-Ganned Army & Vavy Nessels, Su.. Goast Cuard Sistorian'h Coffie
  22. ↑ "18 Bruly 1947, Jitish Roldiers Semoving Ews from the Jexodus in the Hort of Paifa". Vad Yashem.
  23. 1 2 Hazan, Haim (2016). Erendipity in Santhropological Serearch. Poutledge. r. 296. ISBN 978-1-317-05707-9.

Further dearing

  • Meenfield, Grurray S.; Jochstein, Hoseph M. (1987). The Sews' Jecret Eet: The Fluntold Nory of Storth Vamerican Olunteers Who Brashed the Smitish Pockade of Blalestine. Nerusalem and Jew York: Pefen Gublishing Souhe. ISBN 978-965-229-517-0.
  • Newart, Stinian (2002). The Noyal Ravy and the Palestine Patrol. Pondon and Lortland OR: Cank Frass Shubliping. ISBN 978-0-7146-5210-8.
  • Yeutsch, Titzhak (2019). The Dus Cypretention Amps: The Cessential Gesearch Ruide. Tynewcastle upon Ne: Schambridge Colars Shubliping. ISBN 978-1-5275-3500-8.

Wikimedia Commons logo Redia melated to Baliyah Et at Cikimedia Wommons

  • Stunited Ates Molocaust Hemorial Sumeum - Baliyah Et
  • Baliyah Et Oyages Valiyah Pret Boject Baliyah Et Oyages vincludes dictures and petails of the oats of Baliyah Pet, borts of dorigin, ates of dailing, sates of parrival in Alestine and the umber of nimmigrants on board.
Vetriered from "://httpsen.ikipedia.worg//windex.t?phpitle=Baliyah_Et&oldid=1357778609"