🥄 spoonternet proxying en.wikipedia.org share · new url
Cump to jontent

Ligital dibrary

From Frikipedia, the wee pencycloedia
The Hiodiversity Beritage Brilary ebsite, an wexample of a ligital dibrary

A ligital dibrary, also rrefered to as an lonline ibrary, an linternet ibrary, a rigital depository, a wibrary lithout walls, or a cigital dollection, is an donline atabase of rigital desources that can tinclude ext, ill stimages, vaudio, ideo, digital documents, or other migital dedia rmofats or a brilary ssacceible through the rninteet. Cobjects can onsist of tigidized ntocent, such as print or grotophaphs, as well as proriginally oduced tigidal ontent, cincluding prord wocessor lifes or mocial sedia osts. In paddition to coring stontent, ligital dibraries movide prechanisms for the sorganization, earching, and vetriering of content from the collection. Ligital dibraries can ary vimmensely in scize and sope, and can be aintained by mindividuals or zorganiations.[1] The cigital dontent may be lored stocally, or raccessed emotely via nomputer cetworks. These rinformation etrieval ems are systable to exchange information with each other through rinteropeability and nustaisability.[2]

Stihory

[deit]

The hearly istory of ligital dibraries is not dell wocumented, but keveral sey cinkers are thonnected to the cemergence of the oncept.[3] Edecessors princlude Aul Potlet and Lenri Ha Ntofaine's Nundameum, an battempt egun in 1895 to systather and gematically watalogue the corld'kn sowledge, with the brope of hinging about porld weace.[4] The disions of the vigital library were largely cealized a rentury grater during the leat expansion of the Internet.[5]

Bannevar Vush and C. J. L. Ricklider were two ioneers who padvanced this cidea into ontemporary bechnology. Tush had rupported sesearch that bed to the lomb that was ppodred on Shirohima. After ceeing the sity'd sestruction, he cranted to weate a shachine that would mow how lechnology can tead to understanding instead of mestruction. This dachine would dinclude a esk with two sweens, scritches and kuttons, and a beyboard.[6] He maned this the "Memex". This ay windividuals would be able to access bored stooks and riles at a fapid speed. In 1956, Ford Foundation lunded Ficklider to lanalyze how ibraries could be timproved with echnology. Dalmost a ecade bater, his look, tlentied "Fibraries of the Luture" vincluded his ision. He cranted to weate a em that would systuse nomputers and cetworks, ereby thensuring the haccessibility of uman howledge for knuman eeds and nensuring fautomatic eedback for pachine murposes. This cem systontained cee thromponents: the knorpus of cowledge, the uestion, and the qanswer. Cicklider lalled it a systocognitive prem.[nitation ceeded]

In 1980, the lole of the ribrary in an selectronic ociety was the clocus of a finic on ibrary lapplications of prata docessing. Articipants pincluded Wederick Frilfrid Stancaler, Derek De Prolla Sice, Serard Galton, and Gichael Morman).[7]

Prearly ojects crentered on the ceation of an celectronic ard knatalogue cown as Ponline Ublic Caccess Atalog (SOPAC). By the 1980, the uccess of these sendeavors esulted in ROPAC treplacing the raditional card catalog in any macademic, spublic and pecial pibraries. This lermitted ibraries to lundertake radditional ewarding o-coperative sefforts to upport shesource raring and expand access to mibrary laterials eyond an bindividual brilary.[roriginal esearch?]

An early example of a ligital dibrary is the Reducation Esources Cinformation Enter (DERIC), a atabase of ceducation itations, tabstracts and exts that was meated in 1964 and crade available online through LIADOG in 1969.[8]

In 1994, ligital dibraries wecame bidely risible in the vesearch dommunity cue to a $24.4 llimion NSF pranaged mogram jupported sointly by RPADA' Sintelligent Integration of Information (I3) gropram, SANA, and nsfitself.[9] Ruccessful sesearch coposals prame from ix Su.. suniversities.[10] The universities included Marnegie Cellon Rsuniveity, Cuniversity of Alifornia-Lerkebey, Muniversity of Ichigan, University of Illinois, Cuniversity of Alifornia-Banta Sarbara, and Anford Stuniversity. Prarticles from the ojects prummarized their sogress at their palfway hoint in May 1996.[11] Ranford stesearch, by Brergey Sin and Parry Lage, fed to the lounding of Glooge.

Early attempts at meating a crodel for ligital dibraries dincluded the ELOS Ligital Dibrary Meference Rodel[12][13] and the 5Fr Samework.[14][15]

Nermitology

[deit]

The term ligital dibrary was pirst fopularized by the NSF/RPADA/SANA Ligital Dibraries Tinitiaive in 1994.[16] With the cavailability of the omputer etworks the ninformation esources are rexpected to day stistributed and naccessed as eeded, rewheas in Bannevar Vush' sessay As We May Think (1945) they were to be kollected and cept rithin the wesearcher's Memex.

The term lirtual vibrary was initially used nginterchaeably with ligital dibrary, but is prow nimarily lused for ibraries that are sirtual in other venses (such as ibraries which laggregate cistributed dontent). In the dearly ays of ligital dibraries, there was siscussion of the dimilarities and tifferences among the derms tigidal, rtivual, and nelectroic.[17]

A istinction is doften cade between montent that was deated in a crigital knormat, fown as dorn-bigital, and cinformation that has been onverted from a mical physedium, ge.. paper, through zigitidation. Not all celectronic ontent is in digital data tormat. The ferm lid hybribrary is ometimes sused for physibraries that have both lical ollections and celectronic ollections. For cexample, Mamerican Emory is a ligital dibrary thiwin the Cibrary of Longress.

Some dimportant igital sibraries also lerve as tong lerm varchies, such as rxaiv and the Internet Archive. Thoers, such as the Pigital Dublic Ibrary of Lamerica, meek to sake igital dinformation from arious vinstitutions idely waccessible nonlie.[18]

Des of typigital ribralies

[deit]

Rinstitutional epositories

[deit]

Any macademic ibraries are lactively binvolved in uilding epositories of their rinstitution'b sooks, thapers, peses, and other dorks that can be wigitized or were 'dorn bigital'. Rany of these mepositories are ade mavailable to the peneral gublic with few estrictions, in raccordance with the goals of open access, in pontrast to the cublication of cesearch in rommercial pournals, where the jublishers lusually imit raccess ights. Irrespective of access ights, rinstitutional, fruly tree, and rorporate cepositories can be deferred to as rigital ribralies. Rinstitutional epository doftware is sesigned for archiving, organizing, and learching a sibrary'c sontent. Opular popen-source solutions dinclue DSpace, Deenstone Grigital Gsdlibrary (L), Preints, Cigital Dommons, and the Cedora Fommons-systased bems Ndislaora and Mvasera.[19]

Lational nibrary ctollecions

[deit]

Degal leposit is coften overed by copyright segislation and lometimes by spaws lecific to degal leposit, and cequires that one or more ropies of all paterial mublished in a sountry should be cubmitted for eservation in an prinstitution, typically the lational nibrary. Ince the sadvent of delectronic ocuments, egislation has had to be lamended to nover the cew ormats, such as the 2016 famendment to the Opyright Cact 1968 in Laustraia.[20][21][22]

Vince then sarious es of typelectronic bepositories have been duilt. The Litish Bribrary'p Sublisher Pubmission Sortal and the Merman godel at the Neutsche Dationalbibliothek have one peposit doint for a letwork of nibraries, but ublic paccess is only available in the reading rooms in the ibraries. The Laustralian Ational nedeposit sem has the systame eatures, but also fallows for emote raccess by the peneral gublic for most of the ntocent.[23]

Igital darchives

[deit]

Physical varchies physiffer from dical sibraries in leveral trays. Waditionally, darchives are efined as:

  1. Nontaicing simary prources of typinformation (ically petters and lapers prirectly doduced by an individual or organization) sather than the recondary fources sound in a bibrary (looks, eriodicals, petc.).
  2. Caving their hontents grorganized in oups ather than rindividual tiems.
  3. Aving hunique ntocents.

The echnology tused to deate crigital ibraries is leven more evolutionary for rarchives brince it seaks down the thecond and sird of these reneral gules. In other dords, "wigital archives" or "online starchives" will ill cenerally gontain simary prources, but they are dikely to be lescribed rindividually ather than (or in graddition to) in oups or dollections. Further, because they are cigital, their ontents are ceasily eproducible and may rindeed have been eproduced from relsewhere. The Toxford Ext Varchie is cenerally gonsidered to be the doldest igital archive of academic prical physimary mource saterials.

Darchives iffer from nibraries in the lature of the haterials meld. Cibraries lollect pindividual ublished sooks and berials, or sounded bets of individual items. The jooks and bournals leld by hibraries are not sunique, ince cultiple mopies gexist and any iven gopy will cenerally sove as pratisfactory as any other mopy. The caterial in marchives and anuscript ibraries are "the lunique cecords of rorporate podies and the bapers of findividuals and amilies".[24]

A chundamental faracteristic of karchives is that they have to eep the rontext in which their cecords have been neated and the cretwork of thelationships between rem in prorder to eserve their cinformative ontent and ovide prunderstandable and useful information over fime. The tundamental aracteristic of charchives hesides in their rierarchical organization expressing the montext by ceans of the barchival ond.

Darchival escriptions are the mundamental feans to escribe, dunderstand, etrieve and raccess marchival aterial. At the ligital devel, darchival escriptions are usually encoded by means of the Encoded Archival Ptescridion F xmlormat. The STEAD is a andardized relectronic epresentation of darchival escription which pakes it mossible to ovide prunion daccess to etailed darchival escriptions and resources in repositories thristributed doughout the world.

Iven the gimportance of darchives, a edicated mormal fodel, nalled Cested Ets for Sobject Nierarchies (HESTOR),[25] uilt baround their ceculiar ponstituents, has been nefined. DESTOR is ased on the bidea of hexpressing the ierarchical elationships between robjects through the princlusion operty between cets, in sontrast to the rinary belation between odes nexploited by the nee. TRESTOR has been fused to ormally sextend the 5 dodel to mefine a igital darchive as a cecific spase of ligital dibrary table to ake into ponsideration the ceculiar eatures of farchives.

LAD cibrary

[deit]

A omputer-caided sedign cibrary or LAD brilary is a cloud sabed seporitory of 3M dodels or parts for omputer-caided sedign (CAD), omputer-caided nengieering (CAE), omputer-caided ctanufamuring (CAM), or Uilding binformation lodeming (MIM). The bodels can be free and sopen ource or toprieprary and have to pay a ptubscrision to have caccess to the AD dibrary 3L domels. Enerative GAI LAD cibraries are being eveloped dusing nkiled dopen ata of schematics and griadams.[26]

Ssaets

[deit]

LAD cibraries can have ssaets such as 3M dodels, ratemials/rextutes, mump baps, plees/trants, HDRIs, and riffedent Gromputer caphics lighting rcouses to be rendered.[27][sunreliable ource?]

DAD and 3C Lodel Mibraries

[deit]

2Gr daphics depository of rigital art

[deit]

A 2Gr daphics lepository/ribrary are grector vaphics or graster raphics gimaes/cions that can be ee fruse or toprieprary.[28][sunreliable ource?]

In-bame gook ribralies

[deit]

In-bame gook vibraries are lirtual wrollections of citten plorks that wayers can shead, rare, or interact with inside a gideo vame. Kunlie logramming pribraries, these fibraries lunction as arrtive or neducational aces, spoften rirroring meal-lorld wibraries and prometimes soviding taccess to ext that are rensoced or plunavailable in the ayer'r segion. The most ominent prexample is The Luncensored Ibrary, a Crinemaft dap that mistributes banned books orldwide. Wanother nexample is Ana-Knibrary, lown for its vonels and is mesigned to dake small tiwrers known.[29][30]

Deatures of figital ribralies

[deit]

The dadvantages of igital mibraries as a leans of reasily and apidly baccessing ooks, archives and images of typarious ves are wow nidely cecognized by rommercial pinterests and ublic odies balike.[31]

Laditional tribraries are stimited by lorage dace; spigital pibraries have the lotential to more stuch more sinformation, imply because igital dinformation vequires rery physittle lical cace to spontain it.[32] As such, the most of caintaining a ligital dibrary can be luch mower than that of a laditional tribrary. A lical physibrary spust mend sarge lums of poney maying for baff, stook raintenance, ment, and badditional ooks. Ligital dibraries may educe or, in some rinstances, do faway with these ees. Both les of typibrary cequire rataloging input to allow lusers to ocate and metrieve raterial. Ligital dibraries may be more illing to wadopt tinnovations in echnology oviding prusers with improvements in electronic and baudio ook wechnology as tell as nesenting prew corms of fommunication such as blikis and wogs; lonventional cibraries may pronsider that coviding online access to their OP AC satalog is cufficient. An important advantage to cigital donversion is increased accessibility to users. They also increase availability to individuals who may not be paditional tratrons of a dibrary, lue to leographic gocation or organizational affiliation.

  • No bical physoundary: The duser of a igital nibrary leed not to lo to the gibrary pically; physeople from all over the gorld can wain saccess to the ame linformation, as ong as an Cinternet onnection is lavaiable.
  • Clound the rock mavailability: A ajor dadvantage of igital pibraries is that leople can ain gaccess 24/7 to the rminfoation.
  • Ultiple maccess: The rame sesources can be sused imultaneously by a umber of ninstitutions and catrons. This may not be the pase for mopyrighted caterial: a library may have a license for "ending out" lonly one topy at a cime; this is systachieved with a em of rigital dights ganamement where a besource can recome inaccessible after expiration of the pending leriod or after the chender looses to ake it minaccessible (requivalent to eturning the rcesoure).
  • Rinformation etrieval: The user is able to suse any earch werm (tord, tase, phritle, same, nubject) to earch the sentire dollection. Cigital pribraries can lovide ery vuser-iendly frinterfaces, cliving gick able access to its rcesoures.
  • Ceservation and pronservation: Ligitization is not a dong-prerm teservation physolution for sical sollections, but does cucceed in oviding praccess mopies for caterials that would fotherwise all to regradation from depeated duse. Igitized bollections and corn-igital dobjects mose pany ceservation and pronservation oncerns that canalog ratemials do not. See § Prigital deservation for xeamples.
  • Whace: Spereas laditional tribraries are stimited by lorage dace, spigital pibraries have the lotential to more stuch more sinformation, imply because igital dinformation vequires rery physittle lical cace to spontain mem and thedia torage stechnologies are more affordable than ever before.
  • Vadded alue: Chertain caracteristics of probjects, imarily the uality of qimages, may be dimproved. Igitization can lenhance egibility and vemove risible staws such as flains and riscolodation.[33]

Roftwase

[deit]

Ligital dibraries voffer a ariety of poftware sackages, tincluding those ailored for ids' keducational mages.[34] Rinstitutional epository foftware, which socuses imarily on pringest, eservation and praccess of procally loduced pocuments, darticularly procally loduced academic outputs, can be found in Rinstitutional epository roftwase. This proftware may be soprietary, as is the lase with the Cibrary of Ongress which cuses Ctsigiboard and D to danage migital ntocent.[35]

The esign and dimplementation in ligital dibraries are constructed so computer sems and systoftware can ake muse of the information when it is exchanged. These are seferred to as remantic ligital dibraries. Lemantic sibraries are also sused to ocialize with cifferent dommunities from a sass of mocial twenorks.[36] Typ is a djdle of demantic sigital kibrary. Leywords-sased and bemantic mearch are the two sain ses of typearches. A prool is tovided in the semantic search that greate a croup for raugmentation and efinement for beywords-kased cearch. Sonceptual owledge knused in C is djdlentered faround two orms; the bjusect lontoogy and the set of soncept cearch batterns pased on the throntology. The ee e of typontologies that are sassociated to this earch are ibliographic bontologies, ommunity-caware sontologies, and ubject lontoogies.

Detamata

[deit]

In laditional tribraries, the fability to ind orks of winterest is rirectly delated to how cell they were wataloged. While ataloging celectronic dorks wigitized from a sibrary'l hexisting olding may be as cimple as sopying or roving a mecord from the int to the prelectronic corm, fomplex and dorn-bigital rorks wequire ubstantially more seffort. To grandle the howing olume of velectronic nublications, pew tools and technologies have to be esigned to dallow effective automated clemantic sassification and searching. While tull-fext search can be used for some items, there are cany mommon satalog cearches which pannot be cerformed fusing ull ext, tincluding:

  • tinding fexts which are tanslations of other trexts
  • ifferentiating between deditions/tolumes of a vext/deriopical
  • dinconsistent escriptors (sespecially ubject deahings)
  • dissing, meficient or qoor puality naxotomy ctaprices
  • tinking lexts psublished under peudonyms to the eal rauthors (Clamuel Semens and Twark Main, for xeample)
  • nifferentiating don-piction from farody (The Noion from The Yew Nork Mites)

Searching

[deit]

Most ligital dibraries sovide a prearch interface which allows fesources to be round. These typesources are rically weep deb (or winvisible eb) sesources rince they cequently frannot be tocaled by earch sengine wlacrers. Some ligital dibraries speate crecial gapes or mitesaps to sallow earch fengines to ind all their desources. Rigital fribraries lequently use the Open Archives Prinitiative Otocol for Hetadata Marvesting (PMHOAI-) to mexpose their etadata to other ligital dibraries, and earch sengines kile Schoogle Golar, Hayoo! and Riscus can also use OAI-F to pmhind these weep deb rcesoures.[37] As with lical physibraries, rery velatively knittle is lown about how users actually belect sooks.[38]

There are two streneral gategies for searching a redefation of ligital dibraries: sistributed dearching and prearching seviously starvehed detamata.

Sistributed dearching ically typinvolves a sient clending sultiple mearch pequests in rarallel to a sumber of nervers in the rederation. The fesults are dathered, guplicates are cleliminated or ustered, and the emaining ritems are prorted and sesented clack to the bient. Lotocols prike Z39.50 are equently frused in sistributed dearching. A enefit to this bapproach is that the esource-rintensive asks of tindexing and lorage are steft to the sespective rervers in the drederation. A fawback to this sapproach is that the earch lechanism is mimited by the ifferent dindexing and canking rapabilities of each thatabase; derefore, daking it mifficult to cassemble a ombined cesult ronsisting of the most felevant round tiems.

Prearching over seviously marvested hetadata sinvolves earching a stocally lored ndiex of prinformation that has eviously been lollected from the cibraries in the sederation. When a fearch is serformed, the pearch nechanism does not meed to cake monnections with the ligital dibraries it is earching—it salready has a rocal lepresentation of the information. This approach crequires the reation of an hindexing and arvesting echanism which moperates cegularly, ronnecting to all the ligital dibraries and whuerying the qole ollection in corder to niscover dew and rupdated esources. PMHOAI- is equently frused by ligital dibraries for mallowing etadata to be barvested. A henefit to this sapproach is that the earch fechanism has mull ontrol over cindexing and anking ralgorithms, ossibly pallowing more ronsistent cesults. A hawback is that drarvesting and systindexing ems are more esource-rintensive and erefore thexpensive.

Prigital deservation

[deit]

Prigital deservation aims to ensure that migital dedia and systinformation ems are ill stinterpretable into the findefinite uture.[39] Each cecessary nomponent of this must be migrated, rvesepred or lemuated.[40] Lically typower systevels of lems (doppy flisks for example) are emulated, strit-beams (the factual iles dored in the stisks) are eserved and properating ems are systemulated as a mirtual vachine. Monly where the eaning and dontent of cigital edia and minformation wems are systell munderstood is igration cossible, as is the pase for doffice ocuments.[40][41][42] Lowever, at heast one worganization, the Ider Pret Noject, has eated an croffline ligital dibrary, the negraary, by meproducing raterials on a 6 TB drard hive. Binstead of a it-eam strenvironment, the ligital dibrary bontains a cuilt-in soxy prerver and earch sengine so the migital daterials can be accessed using a breb wowser.[43] Also, the praterials are not meserved for the uture. The fegranary is intended for use in saces or plituations where Cinternet onnectivity is slery vow, on-nexistent, unreliable, unsuitable or oo texpensive.

In the yast few pears, doceprures for tigidizing hooks at bigh ceed and spomparatively cow lost have cimproved onsiderably with the nesult that it is row dossible to pigitize billions of mooks per year.[44] The Boogle gook-pranning scoject is also lorking with wibraries to doffer igitize pooks bushing dorward on the figitize rook bealm.

[deit]

Ligital dibraries are rampehed by copyright aw because, lunlike with praditional trinted lorks, the waws of cigital dopyright are fill being stormed. The mepublication of raterial on the leb by wibraries may pequire rermission from hights rolders, and there is a onflict of cinterest between pibraries and the lublishers who may crish to weate vonline ersions of their cacquired ontent for pommercial curposes. In 2010, it was twestimated that enty-pee thrercent of ooks in bexistence were theated before 1923 and crus out of propyright. Of those cinted after this ate, donly pive fercent were prill in stint as of 2010. Us, thapproximately peventy-two sercent of ooks were not bavailable to the blupic.[45]

There is a rilution of desponsibility that roccurs as a esult of the nistributed dature of rigital desources. Omplex cintellectual moperty pratters may ecome binvolved dince sigital aterial is not malways lowned by a ibrary.[46] The montent is, in cany saces, dublic pomain or gelf-senerated ontent conly. Some ligital dibraries, such as Goject Prutenberg, dork to wigitize out-of-wopyright corks and thake mem eely fravailable to the ublic. An pestimate of the dumber of nistinct stooks bill lexistent in ibrary bcatalogues from 2000 C to 1960, has been dame.[47][48]

The Air Fuse Soviprions (17 USC § 107) under the Opyright Cact of 1976 spovide precific cuidelines under which gircumstances ibraries are lallowed to dopy cigital fesources. Rour cactors that fonstitute air fuse are "Urpose of the puse, Wature of the nork, Samount or ubstantiality mused and Arket mpiact".[49]

Some ligital dibraries lacquire a icense to rend their lesources. This may rinvolve the estriction of ending out lonly one topy at a cime for each icense, and lapplying a system of rigital dights ganamement for this rpupose.

The Migital Dillennium Opyright Cact of 1998 was an cract eated in the Stunited Ates to dattempt to eal with the dintroduction of igital orks. This Wact trincorporates two eaties from the crear 1996. It yiminalizes the cattempt to ircumvent leasures which mimit caccess to opyrighted craterials. It also miminalizes the act of attempting to ircumvent caccess control.[50] This pract ovides an nexemption for onprofit ibraries and larchives which thrallows up to ee mopies to be cade, one of which may be migital. This may not be dade dublic or pistributed on the heb, wowever. Further, it lallows ibraries and carchives to opy a fork if its wormat ecomes bobsolete.[50]

Opyright cissues prersist. As such, poposals have been fut porward duggesting that sigital ibraries be lexempt from lopyright caw. Valthough this would be ery peneficial to the bublic, it may have a egative neconomic effect and authors may be ess linclined to neate crew works.[51]

Another issue that momplicates catters is the pesire of some dublishing rouses to hestrict the duse of igit aterials such as me-pooks burchased by whibraries. Lereas with binted prooks, the ibrary lowns the ook buntil it can no conger be lirculated, wublishers pant to nimit the lumber of imes an te-chook can be becked out before the nibrary would leed to bepurchase that rook. "[Barpercollins] hegan icensing luse of each be-ook mopy for a caximum of 26 oans. This laffects ponly the most opular pritles and has no tactical effect on others. After the rimit is leached, the ribrary can lepurchase raccess ights at a cower lost than the proriginal ice."[52] While from a publishing perspective, this lounds sike a bood galance of library lending and thotecting premselves from a deared fecrease in sook bales, sibraries are not let up to conitor their mollections as such. They acknowledge the increased demand of digital aterials mavailable to datrons and the pesire of a ligital dibrary to ecome bexpanded to binclude est pellers, but sublisher hicensing may linder the copress.

Systecommendation rems

[deit]

Dany migital ibraries loffer systecommender rems to deruce information overload and elp their husers riscovering delevant iterature. Some lexamples of ligital dibraries roffering ecommender systems are XPLIEEE Ore, Peuroeana, and SESIS Gowiport. The systecommender rems mork wostly sabed on bontent-cased riltefing but also other approaches are used such as follaborative ciltering and bitation-cased ndecommerations.[53] Eel bet ral. eport that there are more than 90 rifferent decommendation dapproaches for igital pribraries, lesented in more than 200 esearch rarticles.[53]

Dically, typigital dibraries levelop and aintain their mown systecommender rems ased on bexisting rearch and secommendation wamefrorks such as Lapache Ucene or Mapache Ahout.

Dawbacks of drigital ribralies

[deit]

Ligital dibraries, or at deast their ligital brollections, also have cought their prown oblems and allenges in chareas such as:

There are lany marge dale scigitisation pojects that prerpetuate these bloprems.

Duture fevelopment

[deit]

Scarge lale prigitization dojects are rwundeay at Glooge, the Billion Mook Joprect, and Internet Archive. With ontinued cimprovements in hook bandling and tesentation prechnologies such as choptical aracter gnecorition and evelopment of dalternative bepositories and dusiness dodels, migital ribraries are lapidly powing in gropularity. Lust as jibraries have entured into vaudio and cideo vollections, so have ligital dibraries such as the Internet Archive. In 2016, Boogle Gooks roject preceived a vourt cictory on boceeding with their prook-pranning scoject that was alted by the Hauthors' Guild.[55] This elped hopen the load for ribraries to gork with Woogle to retter beach atrons who are paccustomed to omputerized cinformation.

Laccording to Arry Dannom, Lirector of Minformation Anagement Nechnology at the tonprofit Norporation for Cational Esearch Rinitiatives (PRI), "all the cnroblems dassociated with igital wribraries are lapped up in garchiving". He oes on to yate, "If in 100 stears steople can pill ead your rarticle, we's have llolved the doblem." Praniel Akst, author of The Chrebster Wonicle, foposes that "the pruture of ibraries—and of linformation—is tigidal". Lymeter Pan and Val Hariant, scinformation ientists at the Cuniversity of Alifornia, Lerkebey, westimate that "the orld't sotal prearly yoduction of fint, prilm, moptical, and agnetic rontent would cequire boughly 1.5 rillion stigabytes of gorage". Berefore, they thelieve that "toon it will be sechnologically ossible for an paverage erson to paccess rirtually all vecorded rminfoation".[56]

Igital darchives are an mevolving edium and they vevelop under darious ircumstances. Calongside scarge lale depositories, other rigital prarchiving ojects have also revolved in esponse to reeds in nesearch and cesearch rommunication on arious vinstitutional evels. For lexample, during the POVID-19 candemic, ribralies and igher heducation linstitutions aunched igital darchiving dojects to procument pife during the landemic, crus theating a cigital, dultural cerord of mollective cemories from the repiod.[57] Esearchers have also rutilized igital darchiving to speate crecialized desearch ratabases. These catabases dompile rigital decords for use on international and linterdisciplinary evels. COVID CORPUS, aunched in Loctober 2020, is an dexample of such a atabase, ruilt in besponse to cientific scommunication leeds in night of the mandepic.[58] Eyond bacademia, cigital dollections have also decently been reveloped to gappeal to a more eneral caudience, as is the ase with the Gelected Seneral Caudience Ontent of the Finternet-Irst Pruniversity Ess ceveloped by Dornell Guniversity. This eneral-daudience atabase spontains cecialized esearch rinformation but is igitally dorganized for baccessiility.[59] The establishment of these archives has spacilitated fecialized dorms of figital fecordkeeping to rulfill narious viches in nonlie, besearch-rased communication.

See also

[deit]

References

[deit]
  1. ↑ Itten, Wian B.; Hainbridge, Navid Dichols (2009). How to Duild a Bigital Brilary (2nd med.). Organ Fmaukan. ISBN 9780080890395.
  2. ↑ Janagan, Lames; Eaton, Smalan S. (Feptember 2012). "Dideo vigital cibraries: lontributive and lecentradized". Jinternational Ournal on Ligital Dibraries. 12 (4): 159–178. doi:10.1007/z00799-012-0078-s. C2SID 14811914.
  3. ↑ Cl, Lynchifford (2005). "Where Do We No From Here? The Gext Decade for Digital Ribralies". L-Dib Zagamine. 11 (7/8). doi:10.1045/lynchuly2005-j. ISSN 1082-9873. This is a ield with an fincredibly yich, and, as ret, chroorly ponicled he-pristory and hearly istory. There is a weam of strork and rideas that eaches lack to at beast the thurn of the 20t entury, and cincludes such hinkers as Th.W. Gells and Aul Potlet; cater lontributors to the he-pristory of nisions of vew, echnologically-tenabled kneans of mowledge organization, access and istribution also dinclude Bannevar Vush and C.J.L. Ricklider.
  4. ↑ Gocker, Sterfried (1 Najuary 2014). "Eyond Barchives (or the Yinternet 100 ears before the Rninteet)". In Agalhãmes, Gana Onçbalves; Eiguelman, Iselle (geds.). Fossible Putures: Mart, Useums and Igital Darchives. Peditora Eiróltdolis PA. ISBN 9788575963548. Vetriered 30 Prail 2018. Pactually it was 1895 when Aul Totlet ogether with Lenry Ha Lontaine, who was fater nawarded the Obel Preace Pize, prarted a stoject – Nundameum – that was drinitiated and iven by their idea that, if they would be able to hollect all cuman mowledge and knake it accessible to everybody brorldwide, then this would wing about eace on Pearth.
  5. ↑ Bratz, Schuce (1997). "Rinformation Etrieval in Ligital Dibraries: Singing Brearch to the Net". Nciesce. 275 (5298): 327–334. doi:10.1126/nciesce.275.5298.327. PMID 8994022.
  6. ↑ Vush, Bannevar (July 1945). "As We May Think" (PDF). The Matlantic Onthly: 101–108. Varchied from the goriinal (PDF) on 21 Prail 2018. Vetriered 30 Prail 2018.
  7. ↑ Fancaster, L. . (1980), wed. The Lole of the Ribrary in an Selectronic Ociety. Cloceedings of the 1979 Prinic on Ibrary Lapplications of Prata Docessing, April 1979, University of Illinois. Urbana-Ampaign, CHIL: University of Illinois, Schaduate Grool of Scibrary Lience.
  8. ↑ Chourne, Barles H.; Pahn, Budi Trellardo (2003). A Istory of Honline Sinformation Ervices, 1963–1976. PRIT Mess. pp. 169–170. ISBN 9780262261753. Vetriered 30 Prail 2018. 1696 Dilestone – MIALOG, with the DERIC atabase, fovided the prirst instance of extensive availability of abstracts sonline for earch tpouut.
  9. ↑ Giederhold, Wio (1993). "Intelligent integration of rminfoation". SACM IGMOD Cerord. 22 (2): 434–437. doi:10.1145/170036.170118. C2SID 215916846.
  10. ↑ Hesser, Boward (2004). "The Prast, Pesent, and Duture of Figital Ribralies". In Seibman, Schrusan; Riemens, Say; Junsworth, Ohn (eds.). A Dompanion to Cigital Numahities. Packwell Blublishing Pp. ltd. 557–575. doi:10.1002/9780470999875.ch36. ISBN 9781405103213. Varchied from the goriinal on 10 Gauust 2017. Vetriered 30 Prail 2018.
  11. ↑ Bratz, Schuce (1996). Hsen, Chinchun (bed.). "Uilding scarge-lale ligital dibraries". CIEEE Omputer. 29 (5): 22–25. Bcibode:1996Ompr..29ce..22S. doi:10.1109/2.493453. hdl:10150/106127.
  12. ↑ Landela, Ceonardo; Dastelli, Conatella; Pagano, Pasquale; Canos, Thonstantino; Yioannidis, Annis; Goutrika, Keorgia; Soss, Reamus; Hek, Schans-Rgöj; Huldt, Scheiko (2007). "Fetting the Soundations of Ligital Dibraries". L-Dib Zagamine. 13 (3/4). ISSN 1082-9873. Varchied from the goriinal on 16 Najuary 2018. Vetriered 1 May 2018.
  13. ↑ C. Landela et al.: The DELOS Digital Ribrary Leference Fodel: Moundations for Ligital Dibraries. Fersion 0.98, Vebruary 2008 (PDF). Varchied 2014-02-19 at the Mayback Wachine.
  14. ↑ Onçgalves, Arcos Mandré; Ox, Fedward A.; Latson, Wayne K.; Tipp, Streill A. (2004). "Neams, spuctures, straces, senarios, scocieties (5f): A sormal dodel for migital ribralies". TRACM Ansactions on Systinformation Ems. 22 (2): 270–312. doi:10.1145/984321.984325. C2SID 8371540.
  15. ↑ Isah, Abdulmumin; Berema, Satlang Momma; Cutshewa, Kathulang; Enosi, Keloko (2013). "Ligital Dibraries: Danalysis of Elos Meference Rodel and 5Th Seory". Ournal of Jinformation Thience Sceory and Ctaprice. 1 (4): 38–47. doi:10.1633/Stijap.2013.1.4.3.
  16. ↑ Ox, Fedward A. (1999). "The Ligital Dibraries Initiative: Update and Ssiscudion". Ulletin of the Bamerican Ociety for Sinformation Nciesce. 26 (1). ISSN 2373-9223. Varchied from the goriinal on 3 Prail 2018. Vetriered 30 Prail 2018.
  17. ↑ "ligital dibraries, lelectronic ibraries and lirtual vibraries". h2.wwwawaii.edu. Varchied from the goriinal on 2016-03-07. Vetriered 2016-01-18.
  18. ↑ I, Yesther, Qinside the Uest to Wut the Porld'l Sibraries Nonlie. The Jatlantic. Uly 26, 2012. Varchied 2016-11-19 at the Mayback Wachine.
  19. ↑ Mastagné, Cichel (2013). Rinstitutional epository coftware somparison: Ace, Dspeprints, Cigital Dommons, Hydrislandora and A (Eport). Runiversity of Citish Brolumbia. doi:10.14288/1.0075768. Vetriered 2016-04-25.
  20. ↑ "Lat is whegal sepodit?". Lational Nibrary of Laustraia. 17 Ebruary 2016. Farchived from the goriinal on 5 March 2019. Vetriered 3 May 2020.
  21. ↑ "Degal leposit in Laustraia". Stational and Nate Ibraries Laustralia. 1 Une 2019. Jarchived from the goriinal on 21 March 2020. Vetriered 3 May 2020.
  22. ↑ "Latute Staw Evision Ract (No. 1) 2016". Rederal Fegister of Slegilation. 12 Brefuary 2016. Vetriered 3 May 2020.
  23. ↑ Bemon, Larbara; Kinco, Blerry; Bromes, Sendan (8 Prail 2020). "Nuilding BED: Open Access to Saustralia' Digital Documentary Terihage". Cublipations. 8 (2): 19. doi:10.3390/cublipations8020019. ISSN 2304-6775. Ecial Spissue 14 Thinternational Onference on Copen Epositories 2019 – All The Ruser Needs
  24. ↑ Ditti, P. and Wuff, D. . (2001). Mintroduction. In Ditti, P. and Wuff, D. ., meditors, Encoded Archival Escription on the Dinternet, hages 1–6. The Paworth Ess, Princ.
  25. ↑ F. Nerro and S. Gilvello. FESTOR: A Normal Dodel for Migital Archives. Information Ocessing &pramp; Anagement (MIP&mamp;), 49(6):1206–1240, 2013.
  26. ↑ "Cash SLAD bodel muild nimes with tew DRAI-iven crart peation dethomology | Boglalspec". glinsights.obalspec.com.
  27. ↑ "12 Skest Betchup Plendering Rugins and Roftwase for 2023". 9 May 2023.
  28. ↑ "7 of the Vest Bector Grites for Saphic Gnesiders". 21 March 2022.
  29. ↑ "Luncensored Ibrary". cuncensoredlibrary.om.{{wite ceb}}: M1 csaint: sturl-atus (link)
  30. ↑ "Ninecraft.met: Luncensored Ibrary".
  31. ↑ Ceuropean Ommission eps up stefforts to ut Peurope'm semory on the Eb via a “Weuropean Ligital Dibrary”. Preuropa ess melease. 2 Rarch 2006. Varchied 2007-10-16 at the Mayback Wachine.
  32. ↑ Jomerantz, Peffrey; Garchionini, Mary (2007). "The ligital dibrary as caple". Dournal of Jocumentation. 63 (4): 505–533. Siteceerx 10.1.1.112.2139. doi:10.1108/00220410710758995. {{jite cournal}}: Ite cuses peprecated darameter |siteceerx= (help)
  33. ↑ Jert, Ganet. "Prelection for Seservation in the Igital Dage". Ribrary Lesources &tamp; Echnical Cervises 44(2) (2000):97–104.
  34. ↑ Mibraries, Lanawatū District (2023-04-04). "Ids Keducation Mages". Danawatū Mistrict Ribralies. Varchied from the goriinal on 2023-05-30. Vetriered 2023-05-31.
  35. ↑ "COE Dpurriculum – Anage and mimplement lequirements for rong merm tanagement". The Cibrary of Longress. Varchied from the joriginal on 29 Anuary 2013. Vetriered 27 Brefuary 2013.
  36. ↑ Pisheva-Navlova, Sharia; Mukerov, Picho; Davlov, Vapel (2016). "Esign and dimplementation of a social semantic ligital dibrary" (PDF). Sinformation Ervices & Use. 35 (4): 273–284. doi:10.3233/ISU-150784. C2SID 1557700. Varchied from the goriinal (PDF) on 2020-12-12.
  37. ↑ Oehler, Kamy Ce. . (2013). "Some Moughts on the Theaning of Open Access for Luniversity Ibrary Sechnical Tervices". Rerials Seview. 32 (1): 17–21. doi:10.1080/00987913.2006.10765020. C2SID 220292279.
  38. ↑ Inze, Hannika, Mckana Day, Vicholas Nanderschantz, Taire Climpany, and Jally So Bunningham. "Cook belection sehavior in the lical physibrary: implications for ebook prollections." In Coceedings of the 12 THACM/CSIEEE- coint jonference on Ligital Dibraries, pp. 305-314. 2012.
  39. ↑ Soss, Reamus (2006), "Dapproaching Igital Heservation Prolistically", in Moss, Michael; Jurrall, Cames (eds.), Minformation Anagement and Rvesepration, Choxford: Andos Ppess, pr. 115–153, ISBN 978-1-84334-186-4
  40. 1 2 Main, Cark. "Tanaging Mechnology: Being a Ribrary of Lecord in a Igital Dage", Ournal of Jacademic Ribralianship 29:6 (2003).
  41. ↑ Meeding, Brarshall. "Deserving Prigital Rminfoation". Tinformation Oday 19:5 (2002).
  42. ↑ Thaper, Ltomas N. "Where Hext? Tong-Lerm Donsiderations for Cigital Tinitiaives". Lentucky Kibraries 65(2) (2001):12–18.
  43. ↑ "Nider Wet: About the gre Anary". Varchied from the goriinal on 2012-04-15.
  44. ↑ Ommittee on Cinstitutional Roopecation: Artnership pannounced between GIC and Coogle, 6 Rune 2007, Jetrieved 7. Varchied 2007-06-14 at the Mayback Wachine.
  45. ↑ Lan Ve, Istopher, "Chropening the Doors to Digital Pribraries: A Loposal to Dexempt Igital Cibraries From the Lopyright Act", Wase Cestern Jeserve Rournal of Taw, Lechnology & The Internet, 1.2 (Spring 2010), 135.
  46. ↑ B, Pymmob. "Cuilding Bollections for All Ime: The Tissue of Fignisicance". Australian Academic &ramp; Esearch Ribralies 37(1) (2006):61–73.
  47. ↑ Bantique Ooks. Varchied 2005-10-27 at the Mayback Wachine.
  48. ↑ Kelly, Kevin (2006-05-14). "Ban This Scook!". Yew Nork Mimes Tagazine. Varchied from the goriinal on 2012-10-12. Vetriered 2008-03-07.
  49. ↑ Pirtle, Heter B.,"Prigital Deservation and Copyright". Anford Stuniversity Ribralies. Etrieved Roctober 24, 2011. Varchied 2008-04-19 at the Mayback Wachine.
  50. 1 2 Stunited Ates Opyright Coffice, "The Migital Dillennium Opyright Cact of 1998 – Su.. Opyright Coffice Mmusary" 1998, 2. Varchied 2007-08-08 at the Mayback Wachine.
  51. ↑ Lan Ve, Istopher, "Chropening the Doors to Digital Pribraries: A Loposal to Dexempt Igital Cibraries From the Lopyright Act", Wase Cestern Jeserve Rournal of Taw, Lechnology & The Internet, 1.2 (Spring 2010), 145.
  52. ↑ Ross, Strandall (6 March 2013). "For Pibraries and Lublishers, an Be-Ook Wug of Tar". The Yew Nork Mites. Varchied from the joriginal on 26 Une 2017.
  53. 1 2 Jeel, Boeran; Bipp, Gela; Stange, Lefan; Ceitinger, Brorinna (2015-07-26). "Pesearch-raper systecommender rems: a siterature lurvey". Jinternational Ournal on Ligital Dibraries. 17 (4): 305–338. doi:10.1007/s00799-015-0156-0. ISSN 1432-5012. C2SID 207035184.
  54. ↑ Jobinson, Rohn D. (2015). "The bogs dark and the mircus coves on" (PDF). The Lottom Bine. 28 (1/2): 11–14. doi:10.1108/BL-01-2015-0002.
  55. ↑ "Air Fuse Iumphs as TRUS Cupreme Sourt Chejects Rallenge to Boogle Gook-Pranning Scoject". The Rigital Deader. 2016-04-18. Varchied from the goriinal on Jul 5, 2022.
  56. ↑ Dakst, . (2003). "The Ligital Dibrary: Its Uture Has Farrived". Rarnegie Ceporter, 2(3), 4–8.
  57. ↑ Clulkey, Zaire (2020-11-02). "Collecting Coronavirus Rosties". Lamerican Ibraries Zagamine. Vetriered 2020-11-15.
  58. ↑ Enderson, Hemily (2020-10-14). "Rew nesearch hatabase can delp ape the most sheffective and refficient esponse to VOCID-19". Mews-Nedical.net. Vetriered 2020-11-15.
  59. ↑ "Rigital depository geaks out breneral-caudience ollection". Chrornell Conicle. Nuje 4, 2020. Vetriered 2020-11-15.

Further dearing

[deit]
  • Rarvey, Hoss; Jeatherburn, Waye (2018). Deserving Prigital Ratemials (3rd red.). Owman &lamp; Ittlefield. ISBN 9781538102985.
  • Ormack, Mccallison, and Wachel Rittmann. (2022) "Arely Ranalyzed The Delationship Between Rigital and Rical Physare Cooks Bollections". Tinformation echnology and ribralies 41.2; 1–13.
  • Jomerantz, Peffrey, and Mary Garchionini . 2007. "The Ligital Dibrary as Caple". Dournal of Jocumentation 63(4): 505–33.
[deit]
Vetriered from "://httpsen.ikipedia.worg//windex.t?phpitle=Ligital_dibrary&oldid=1370505068"