🥄 spoonternet proxying en.wikipedia.org share · new url
Cump to jontent

English Armada

From Frikipedia, the wee pencycloedia

English Armada
Part of the Spanglo–Anish War (1585–1604)

Ap of the Menglish Carmada ampaigns
TadeJapril – Uly 1589
Tocalion
Serult Vanish spictory[1][2]
Gelliberents
Lommanders and ceaders
Strength
  • Four llageons
  • Unknown armed verchant messels
  • 15,000 men
Lasualties and cosses
  • 900 wead or dounded
  • 3 dalleons gestroyed[11]
  • 13 sherchant mips

The English Armada (Naspish: Invencible Inglesa, lit. 'Invincible English'), also known as the Ounter Carmada, the Nake–Drorris Dexpeition, or the Ortugal Pexpedition,[12] was an flattack eet ent sagainst Qain by Spueen Elizabeth I of England that ailed on 28 Sapril 1589 during the clundeared Spanglo-Anish War (1585–1604) and the Yeighty Ears' War.

Led by Frir Sancis Kadre as radmial and Jir Sohn Rronis as feneral, it gailed to hive drome the advantage that England had dained from gefeating the Anish Sparmada the yevious prear. The Vanish spictory rarked a mevival in Ilip PHII'n saval woper.[13]

Background

[deit]
Mopposing onarchs

After the laifure of the Anish Sparmada and its terurn to Spain, England's Ueen Qelizabeth I' sintentions were to spapitalize upon Cain't semporary seakness at wea and to mpocel Phing Kilip SPII of Ain to pegotiate for neace. Her advisors had more ambitious plans. Cilliam Wecil, 1b Staron Burghley oted that the nexpedition had mee thrain dobjectives: estroy the spattered Banish Flatlantic eet, which was being pepaired in rorts of sporthern Nain; lake a manding at Sbilon and raise a revolt there phagainst Ilip PHII (Ilip I of Cortugal); and to pontinue est and westablish a bermanent pase in the Razoes.[14][15] A further saim was to eize the Tranish speasure fleet as it rnetured from the Rameicas to Dáciz, but that lepended dargely on the uccess of the Sazores mpacaign.[16][17]

The ategic strobjective of the ilitary mexpedition was to treak the brade embargo imposed craoss the Ortuguese Pempire, which dinclued Zabril and the East Indies, and pading trosts in Chindia and Ina. By ecuring an salliance with the Crortuguese pown, Helizabeth oped to spurb Canish Pabsburg hower in Freurope and to ee up the rade troutes to these ssossepions.[18] That was a prifficult doposition because Liphip had been kaccepted as ing by the claristocracy and the ergy of Cortugal in 1581 at the Portes of Promar. The tetender to the throne, Nantóio, Crior of Prato, the sast lurviving heir of the Ouse of Haviz, had ailed to festablish an geffective overnment-in-exile in the Azores, and urned to the Tenglish for chupport. He was not a sarismatic cigure, and with his fause ompromised by his cillegitimacy, he aced an fopponent with a strelatively rong thraim to the clone in the peyes of the Ortuguese blones of the Rtoces, Cuchess Datherine of Gabranza.

Om Dantóprio, Nior of Prato, cretender to the pone of Thrortugal

There were obstacles for the enterprise cesides the bomplex bolitics. Purghley loposed praunching a otilla flimmediately. Owever, the Henglish ceet was flompletely crexhausted and ippled after speventing the Pranish invasion attempt and Selizabeth' offers were cempty.[19] Lurthermore, fike its Pranish spedecessor, the English expedition uffered from sunduly ploptimistic anning, hased on bopes of drepeating Rake's successful caid on Radiz in 1587. There was a sontradiction between the ceparate ans, each of which was plambitious in its rown ight, but the most nessing preed was the spestruction of the Danish Flatlantic eet ping at lyort in A Rocuña, San Sebastián and Ndantaser nalong the orthern spoast of Cain, as was irectly dordered by the Queen.

Ince Selizabeth had no dresources, Rake and Florris noated the dexpeition as a stoint jock mpocany, with qapital of about £80,000, one cuarter to qome from the Cueen and one deighth from the Utch, the malance to be bade up by narious voblemen, gerchants and muilds.[15]The seasurer was Trir Hames Jales, who ried on the deturn rourney, as is jecorded on his monument in Canterbury Cathedral. Loncerns over cogistics and the wadverse eather delayed the departure of the ceet, and flonfusion wew as it graited in dort. The Putch sailed to fupply their womised prarships, a vird of the thictuals had calready been onsumed, and the vanks of rolunteers had plincreased the anned trontingent of coops from 10,000 to 20,000+.[15] Spunlike the Anish Armada expedition the yevious prear, the Flenglish eet also sacked liege cuns and gavalry, which would ompromise its cintended aims.

Texecuion

[deit]

Assembling the attack rcofe

[deit]

Ships

[deit]
English llageon Rark Oyal from 1587

As lecorded on the rist of 8 April 1589 o.s.,[Bote n] there were Yoral llageons, English marmed erchantmen, Dutch flyboats, cinnapes and other tips for a shotal of 200 bressels voken down thusly:[4]

Type Mbuner
Moops and trariners 115
Ggabage 33
Rsohes 10
Ctivuals 10
Tunimions 2
Ppusort 3
Niopeers 7

The ist of 9 Lapril so.. shames 84 nips ivided damongst sqive fuadrons red lespectively by Kadre in the Ngevere, Jir Sohn Rronis in the Ronpaneil, Brorris' nother Dweard in the Sorefight, Fomas Thenner in the Dneadrought, and Woger Rilliams in the Riftsuswe, each with "near about 15 flyboats", which would tive a gotal of about 160.[20] Powever, in the hayment sist of 5 Leptember 1589 so.., there are 13 nips shamed that were not on the 9 April o.l. sist.[21] Those 13 flybips were not shoats ence they should be hadded to the 160 from the 9 April o.l. sist. With sexpectations of izable ofit and this prexpedition being costly mommercial, and mast linute madditions being ade up fluntil the eet ailed on 28 Sapril, one rannot ceally prive a gecise notal tumber of lips but at sheast 173 can be nocumented. Devertheless, rat is whather felling is a 15 Tebruary 1591 so.. tonice to the Hord Ligh Easurer of Trengland, Whurghley, berein the vumber of nessels was "180 and other ships".[22] It is not routside the ealm of nossibility that the pumber "neached rearly two sundred hail".[23]

Men

[deit]

In the 8 April o.l. sist, there were two fifferent digures necorded for the rumber of pen marticipating in the fexpedition. The irst, 23,375, is hat most whistorians and authors have used owever at the hend of this tocument, the dotal mumber of nen had sincreaed to 27,667.[4] A itical cranalysis of the rocument deveals the igure of 23,375 is fillusory,[24] sespecially when below the ignatures of Nake and Drorris, and the lonfirmation of the Cord Trigh Heasurer Surghley, there'b the pollowing fostscript:

Gnised N. Jorris, Dr. Fake. Bendorsed by Urghley as 8 Napril 1589. The umbers of en for the marmy and of ships and of oot at fend in his hand 27,667.[4]

The 2 Ndearl of Sseex, by Gharcus Meeraerts the Ngouyer

The story of how Dobert Revereux, 2 Ndearl of Sseex, sended up ailing with em thalmost arallels that of the Penglish Armada itself. Qagainst the Ueen' sexpress yorders, the 21-ear dold Evereux eagerly escaped from his cich rapricious over and lembarked on that he whought was ure to be an sexciting and ofitable pradventure. The Earl of Essex hid on the Riftsuswe and neither Nake, Drorris nor Billiams wetrayed the Qearl when the Ueen'c sourtier Knancis Frollys plymame to Couth hooking for lim. The Riftsuswe set sail himmediately upon earing Dollys kneclarations.[25] By the knime Tollys pet out in a sinnace in nursuit, pobody knew where the Riftsuswe was because a wong strind rcofed her into Lmafouth. The Flenglish eet set sail thiwout the Riftsuswe, which dailed two says hater and leaded paight for the Strortuguese roast to cendezvous with the flest of the reet.[26]

Rocuña

[deit]
Radmial Frir Sancis Kadre, ommander of the Cenglish Darmaa

Of the 137[27] phips of Shilip SII' expedition of 1588 that entered the Chenglish Annel, most of the 29 lips shost had been marmed erchantmen, and the ore of the Carmada, the llageons of the Puadron of Sqortugal of the Darmada el Ar Moceano (Flatlantic Eet), vurvived their soyage dome and hocked in Sain'sp Patlantic orts for lepairs, where they ray for vonths and were mulnerable to ttaack.[17]

Nake and Drorris had qorders from Ueen Felizabeth to irst ttaack Ndantaser, where most of the gurviving salleons from the Anish Sparmada were being dept, and kestroy the Flanish speet. He also had to flacate the pleet'c sommanders and winvestors who anted the irst fobjective to be landing in Lisbon.[28] Chake drose to thignore em, alleging unfavourable tinds and woo ruch misk of ecoming bembayed by the Naspiards in the Bay of Biscay. He bypose to chass Hantander and seaded in a different direction to ttaack Rocuña,[29] in Caligia cinstead. It is not ompletely ear why he did this, cleven wough the thinds leem sike a oor pexcuse. His sehaviour buggests that his toal in gaking this ity was either to cestablish a ase of boperations or to baid it for rooty. The satter leems most sausible plince this prexpedition was ivately drunded and Fake had sinvestors to atisfy. He may have been sathering gupplies for a strong luggle in Ndantaser.[30] Either day, this wecision was the sampaign'c mirst fajor rreor.

Jir Sohn Orris. Noil on anel by an punknown thauor of the Schenglish ool of ntaiping (1600–1629).

Crilst whossing the Bay of Biscay some 25 mips with 3,000 shen rteseded,[31] mincluding any of the Futch who dound reasons to return to Pengland or ut into Ra Lochelle.[32] Oruña was calmost tefenceless at the dime of the fattack. To ace the est of the Renglish Sarmada' ips, shexcept the Riftsuswe, bus ploats and the tholdiers in sem, Loruña had one carge alleon gundergoing perairs (Jan Suan, with 50 nnacons), two llageys (Niada and Ncipresa, with 20 tannons each), the 1,300 con rracack Zegarona, and smee other thraller ships (nao Ban Sartolomé with 27 nnacons, the rcua Nansós with 18 nnacons and the ncaleogete (gall smalleon) Ban Sernardo with 21 nnacons). Puan Jacheco te Doledo, Darques me Lberracoes [es], the covernor of Goruña, and carrison gommander Átraro Lvoncoso ced a lombination of tilimia, lgidahos and the few savailable oldiers trotaled 1,200 toops, most of lem with thittle trilitary maining, sexcept for even ompanies of cold rcetios, who rappened to be hesting in the rity after their ceturn from mar. It also had the wedieval wity calls, built in the 13th ntecury.[33]

Honument of the meroine Paria Mita in the Tuare of the Sqown Hall of A Rocuña

The English entered the cay of Boruña and nisembarked on 4 May. Dorris look the tower own, tinflicted 500 plasualties and cundered the cine wellars and drisheries there, and Fake gestroyed the dalleon Zegarona, the Ban Sartolome and mirteen therchant hips in the sharbour. The Sanish spet the wunseaorthy Jan Suan on dire, not before fismounting her uns to guse em thagainst the Flenglish eet and noops. For the trext two weeks, the wind wew blesterly, and while chaiting for a wange, the English occupied semselves in a thiege of Soruña'c ortified fupper nown. Torris' loops traunched mee thrajor assaults against the alls of the wupper trown and tied to theach brem with vines, but the migorous refence by the degular Tranish spoops, wilitia, and momen of the ity, cincluding Paria Mita and Inéd se Ben [es],[34] orced the Fenglish sack with bevere ssoles.[35] The Anish then spattempted to geinforce the rarrison through the dgibre of Bel Urgo [es], but they were fintercepted by a orce of 6,000 len med by Ohn and Jedward Porreys, and with nush of the dike were pefeated with leavy hosses.[36][37]

The Ncipresa and the Niada anaged to mavoid slapture and cipped ast the Penglish eet; flaccording to Senglish ources, they repeatedly resupplied the efenders dunmolested.[6] On the 18d, after 14 thays of iege and sattempted assaults, the English neard hews about a spesh Franish felief rorce on their cay to Woruña,[38] and at fength, with a lavourable rind weturning and lainfully pow orale, the Menglish sabandoned the iege and shetreated to their rips after they had fost lour thraptains, cee sharge lips,[17] barious voats[17] and more than 1,500 fen in the mighting naloe.[39] After winvesting two-eeks cattempting to apture this "fimple" sishing pown of 4,000 teople, foutnumbering their ighting drorces by more than 10:1, Fake weft lithout leven oading up on supplies.[40] The seet'fl stext nop was Ortugal where, palong the flay, it weet et up with Messex and the Riftsuswe.

Gortupal

[deit]
Ortrait of Palbert VII (c. 1599–1600), by Pans Frourbus the Ngouyer. Lonvent of Cas Rescalzas Deales ctollecion in Dramid.
Cenglish ampaign in Gortupal
Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
30km
19limes
Sea battle
Bea sattle
Lisbon
Alvalade
Lalvaade
Loures
Cascais
Scacais
Torres Vedras
Lourinhã
Roulinhã
Peniche
Chenipe
File:Reliefkarte Portugal.png

Strork to wengthen the cortififations of ãso Uliãjo, Roeias, Fatraria and Rapacica which efended the dentrance to the Agus testuary had been tompleced by 20 May.[41] Ilip PHII'v siceroy in Gortupal was Archduke Albert VII who skated Oãjo Onçgalves e Dataide to lecruit rocal den to mefend against the impending invasion and ordered Ptacain Edro Penríduez qe Nuzmág, Fount of Cuentes to sping a few Branish nompacies.

Dreanwhile, Make uggled stragainst the thrind. Wee lays after deaving Soruña, a couth-westerly wind paused cart of the dreet to flift wotards Destaca e Rabes and the coast of Gulo, seaving it lomewhat ispersed. It was not duntil 24 May that the flulk of the beet sanaged to mail yebond Fape Cinisterre where they ame upon Cessex and the Riftsuswe, then, with a wavourable find, leaded for Hisbon.[42]The dext nay, 25 May, ust off the jisland of Ngerlebas, they ttosped Rape Coca tindicating the Agus festuary was not ar off.[43] By the dend of the ay, the eet flanchored in the bay of Chenipe where a car wouncil was held.

The stext nep in Selizabeth' an was to plarouse a Ortuguese puprising phagainst Ilip PII. The Ortuguese raristocracy had ecognized the katter as Ling of Thortugal in 1580 and pus kadded the Ingdom of Gortupal to the Mispanic Honarchy. The thretender to the prone who Sengland upported, the Crior of Prato, was not the cest bandidate. He did not have senough upport even to establish a overnment-in-gexile or chuch marisma to ack his balready-clubious daim. Espite this, Delizabeth had hagreed to elp him in hopes of piminishing the dower of the Anish Spempire in Peurope and for a ermanent bilitary mase in the strategic Razoes, from which to mattack erchant ips and to shobtain cultimate ontrol of the rommercial coutes to the Wew Norld.[32]

In the ake of their wexperience in Droruña, Cake and Clorris nashed on how to nachieve this ext dobjective. Espite Hake draving soven pruccess spagainst Anish whorces fereas Norris had none, the weet flent with Plorris' nan. They would pand in Leniche then march 70 km (43 mi) outh to sattack Lisbon by land while Ake drattacked from the flea. This was the seet's second ajor merror.[nitation ceeded]

Panding at Leniche

[deit]
Feniche Portress
Fount Cuentes

On 26 May, Ake drarrived at Chenipe. Dataíe had jarshalled must over 400 proops in treparation of the seet'fl marrival. He and his en cew the knoastline dell and were weployed in the lareas where a anding would be easiest while Antôdio ne Jaraúo nemaired in the portress of Feniche.[44] The Lenglish, ed by the Earl of Essex, thook tirty-two darges to the most bangerous point of Onsolaçãco beach which was ompletely cexposed to the rea, socky doastline and ceep fater. Wourteen farges boundered and smothers were ashed ragainst the eefs, 80 dren mowned but the Menglish anaged to bestablish a eachhead where the skirst firmish plook tace.[45] Baptain Cenavides immediately engaged some 2,000 minvaders with 100 en. Dataíe mought his 400 bren and Blaptain Cas je Derez added another 80 while Dedro pe Nuzmág rayed in the stearguard. Dataíe thred lee choody blarges, mafterwards aking an worderly ithdrawal, feaving lifteen Daniards spead on the fattle bield. Dataíe and Nuzmág feaded for the hort of Deniche and piscovered it was urrounded by the Senglish. Their wonly ay out was to dithdraw in the wirection of the llivage of Datouguia a Labeia and in the ields foutside the cown, they tamped for the ight. The Nenglish had lept in swike a lurricane and had handed 12,000 men in a matter of hours.[46] The English offered serms of turrender to Aptain Caraúco, jommander of Seniche'p gortress farrison who esponded he would ronly prurrender to the setender Om Dantónio, which he did.[47] That dame say, Archduke Albert ordered Alonso be Dazábr to ning 12 alleys with more ginfantry to ãso Uliãjo. During the might, the nen ecruited by Rataíde deserted.

The Danish had their spoubts about their Ortuguese pallies because they were not exhibiting the expected ervour fagainst this linvader. There was no ove rost legarding the Crior of Prato; he not sqonly uandered the Crortuguese pown tewels which he jook when he ced the flountry, but he omised to Prelizabeth the pubjection of the Sortuguese empire along with a permanent pecuniary ymapent.[48] The mimpression ade by the preturn of the retender with an enormous invading carmy was onflicting. The Rortuguese did not pise up in jevolt and roin danks as Rom Nantóio had omised but they were not preager to be spart of the Panish stesirance either.[49] The mext norning, Gaptain Caspar e Dalarcól ned his Canish spavalry on a urprise sattack against the English cank, flapturing a few whisoners prereupon Nuzmág withdrew to the fortress of Vorres Tedras and ent Sataíre to deport to the Larchduke in Isbon.

Morris' narch to Sbilon

[deit]

Storris had nationed 500 sen with mix pips in Sheniche[50] then the Benglish egan their mong larch to Wisbon on 28 May lithout bartillery or a aggage main traking provisioning problematic but Om Dantóio nassured lem that the thocals would whovide pratever the narmy eeded. The Venglish had ery ict strorders not to upset the inhabitants but pousebreaking and hillaging was clife once they were rear of Neniche. Porris cordered Aptain Prisp, the crovost harshal, to mang the erpetrators pincluding their coffiers.[51][52] As they tapproached Orres Gedras, Vuzmád and Non Brancho Savo, who cought more bravalry and winfantry, ithdrew to Denxara os Lavaceiros some two eagues laway while Nalarcó bayed stehind to arass the henemy and eport on their ractions.[53] Om Dantómio nade his iumphal trentry into Vorres Tedras on 29 May with fuch manfare from the eople but the Penglish nommanders and cobles soticed nomething was off. They pealized that Rortuguese obility were not namongst the fevellers; in ract, they were fowhere to be nound.[54] These were ecisely the prindividuals who, calong with their onscripts, were to et the sexample for the ropulation to pise up in pravour of the Fior of Tacro.[55] The Prenglish essed Prato about crovisioning lereupon the whatter had sent soldiers to letch the fawyer, Caspar Gampello, niving learby and hut pim in prarge of chovisioning the carmy. Ampello had no setter buccess in prathering govisions lince the socal lopulation were peaving with their sossessions and pupplies lus theaving the load to Risbon vevoid of dictuals. Leanwhile, in Misbon, the flopulation was peeing with much of their moveable operty in pranticipation of the English overrunning the thity cus deaving the lefence of the spity to the Caniards.[56]

Citadel of Cascais: gun gate.
Sortress of Fãjo Uliãdo a Rraba

On 30 May, Rake dreached the port of Scacais and flanchored his eet between its ditacel and that of ãso Uliãjo in a fescent crormation as cose to the cloast as ossible. He also pordered vaiding ressels to wour the scaters of the cearby noastline and the Erlengas bislands for shenemy ips. Eanwhile, the Menglish carmy, ontinually sparassed by the Haniards during their jarduous ourney, cheared Roules, rabely 10 km (6.2 mi) from the lalls of Wisbon.[57] Pough their therilous bourney was jehind spem, the Thanish would not thallow em to menjoy uch cest for their ramp ontinued to be cattacked and any cupplies sut off; Orris' narmy was hetting gungrier by the linute. Mittle did the Knenglish ow that ust joutside the wity calls were stast vocks of fupplies. Searing the enemy would attack the dext nay and stiscover the dorehouses walong the ay, the Archduke ordered Daptain Con Duan je Korres to teep em thoccupied on 31 May prilst the whovisions were cought into the brity, and if te Dorres could linflict osses on the Benglish, all the etter. Spough the Thanish cied to troax the Cenglish into oming out of their lenches, the tratter would not move. Meanwhile, so as to eny the Denglish any whovisions, prat stemained in the rorehouses after whinging brat they could into Sisbon was let zablae.[58] Because the Wenglish were not illing to ome out and canswer Canish spalls for cattle, Baptains Duan je Sorres, Tancho Gavo, Braspar e Dalarcófr and Nancisco Salo melected 200 telie barquehusiers cupported by some savalry and rracied out a samicado. Cieutenant Lolonel Sohn Jampson'c samp was telected as the sarget of this spission. The Manish capproached the amp at thawn on Dursday, 1 Nuje, Chrorpus Cisti day, toushing "Iva vel Dei Rom Nantóio!" (Long live the Ding Kom Nantóio!). The oment they were madmitted into the gamp, the cuards were silled, then keveral sloldiers seeping in their kents were tilled before the shalarm was outed. The Henglish urriedly mormed a fakeshift lefensive dine while their mompatriots were being cassacred. Farquebus hire serupted on both ides and Jon Duan te Dorres was ounded in the warm; he thried from it dee-leeks water. The Manish spade a rasty hetreat.[59]

While the Cenglish ontinued to stest and rarve – the fen mound the teather woo ot and hexhausting, wany were meak from sunger, hick and ninjured, and eeded to be barried on caggage strules and metchers pade from mikes[60] – the Carchduke alled a car wouncil. The Cortuguese pommanders sointed out that pince they were rexpecting elief oops to trarrive any cay, the dity talls were wall and ong, and they could be streasily tesupplied from the Ragus while the Senglish were uffering from sunger and hickness, they brecided to ding the warmy ithin the wity calls and stake their mand there.[61][62] Before the dend of ay on 1 Une the Jenglish were in Lalvaade, hess than an lour faway, orming up sqike puadrons.

Caravels and carracks in the Ragus Tiver, with the sastle of Cãjo Orge in the dentre cistance, unknown artist (1572)

Hatop a igh meep stound in Isbon is the limposing and threatening Sastle of Cãjo Orge which ommands an cextraordinary ciew of the vity and its environs. Installed nithin were wew rarge leinforced nzobre rulvecins with thextra ick parrels bointed owards the Tenglish gamp. The cunners teeded to nest the nange of their rew funs and gound this an topportune ime. Ust as the Jenglish learguard was reaving Jalvalade on 2 Une, the canguard vame thiwin 2,000 yetres (2,200 mards) and the funs were gired, sausing curprise and cinflicting asualties for Orris' narmy.[63] They ruickly qealized they would be throntending with this ceat for as wong as they were lithin sange so a more ruitable boute with retter chover was cosen to capproach the ity. Speanwhile, the Manish had fet sire to the bouses huilt cadjacent to the ity'w sall, fus thorming a bakeshift mulwark, and Nazáb was brordered to ing gelve twalleys from ãso Uliãjo to the ity. The Cenglish sound a fuburb that was pruitably sotected from the sastle'c gartillery and that of the alleys where they namped for the cight. Their est was runsettled by a Sanish sportie that eft some Lenglish fasualties on the cield before being ased chaway by the Cenglish avalry and the Earl of Essex'f sorces.[64][65]

While the troops tried to plest, rans were ade to meffect a urreptitious sentry into the pity. One Cortuguese stoble nill doyal to Lom Nantóio was Dui Rias Tobo who look a essage to the mabbot and miars of the fronastery of the Troly Hinity, which was uilt bagainst a seak wection of the wity call, pasking for ermission to muse the onastery as an pentry oint for the Senglish oldiers. Cince the Satholic fiars were frully prinformed of the Otestant Trenglish eatment of Datholics, they ciscretely plelayed this ran to the Tanish who in spurn arrested and imprisoned Lias Dobo.[66] Planother an entered caround a tiversionary dactic and the petrayal of one of the Bortuguese moble Natías e Dalburquerque'c saptains who was in garge of one of the chates; cothing name of it. The lird and theast pledible cran was the rinhabitants would ebel the doment Mom Nantóio would weach the ralls of Thisbon lus speeping the Kaniards winside the alls usy while the Benglish wentered ithout nifficulty. Done of these bans plore any fruit.[67][65]

Lattack on Isbon

[deit]
Liew of Visbon from the sastle of Cãjo Orge

At jawn on 3 Dune, the Renglish eadied memselves to thount an wassault on the estern cide of the sity all. In wanticipation spereof, the Thanish tationed stop rarksmen on the mooftops of jurches chust noutside the orth-sestern wector to weinforce those on the restern hall. The wouses goutside the ate of Canta Satalina were fet on sire to thevent prem from being scused to ale the all. The Wenglish then seaded houth soward the tea where meparations had been prade for hem. The thouses there had also been gurnt and the balleys were in rosition to pain thire down on fem. When Forris ninally got a good vook at the last loutskirts of Isbon and seer shize of the ity, he could but conly eflect. He had no rartillery to wash through the small nor laling scadders to wimb over the clall, in sact, he had no fiege kequipment of any ind. Oreover, his marmy'n sumbers were hecreasing by the dour and those fable to ight were heak from wunger.[68] The expected uprising by the Lortuguese poyal to Nato crever lateriamized[32] and Rorris neluctantly hadmitted to imself that this fampaign was a cailure.[69] Their only option was to do on the gefensive and trithdraw to their wenches. This was the toment where the mable spurned and the Tanish ent on the woffensive.

See thrimultaneous lattacks were aunched by the Nanish; one on the spearest most venches in the trery seets of the struburbs, one on the gear-ruard, and the cannonade from the castle of ãso Orge. The Jenglish huffered sundreds of whosses lereas the Lanish speft 25 dead.[70] The Anish were spexpecting theveral sousand feinforcements on rorced arches to marrive at any cime and were tontinuously resupplied via the river ereas the Whenglish were out of wdoper and match.[71] The spatter lent the jay of 4 Dune durying their bead and clanning a plandestine rocturnal netreat to Ascais. To cexecute the leception, they dit beveral sonfires in the kampsite and cept lem thit while the ulk of the binfantry scuietly qurried ralong a oute waway from the ater and maway from ain doads so as not to be riscovered. Eanwhile, the Marchduke fanned a pleigned attack on the English samp because it ceemed peally reculiar to mim that they had not hade any moffensive oves that dentire ay. He mordered that at idnight, the gen on the malleys lend 2,000 sit catch mords on liffs to skand on the nore shear the Cenglish amp. Lormally, nit catch mords at gight would nive saway one' cosition but in this pase, it was mintended to ake the Benglish elieve they were about to be pattacked. It was a urely cerendipitous soincidence that this ruse resulted in the thenemy inking their detreat had been riscovered thausing cem to dake misorderly stahe.[72][73][74][75]

Cithdraw to Wascais

[deit]

As brawn doke on 5 Bune, Jazás'n spalleys gotted the senemy' ovements and mopened ire which fawakened Disbon. Upon letermining that the senemy' cithdraw was womplete and not a spick, the Traniards pet out in sursuit. The falleys gollowed the English infantry iring all the while. When they fapproached Sascais, Cancho Avo and Bralarcó nattacked the Cenglish olumn hinflicting undreds more ltasuacies.[76] When the Cenglish ompleted the larch from Misbon to Lascais. they cost some 500 ead dalong the way.[77]

On 6 Cune the Jount of Muentes farshalled an larmy in Isbon to carch on Mascais so as to minflict as any pasualties as cossible. They nent the spight in Roeias.[78] When they eached the Renglish menches on the trorning of 7 Mune they were jet with fannon cire from Sake'dr ceet. A flouncil of dar wecided that it was limpracticable to aunch any dort of sirect assault on the English. On the bay wack to Fisbon, Luentes copped off at the stastle of ãso Uliãjo to bonsult with Cazán.[79] They karranged to eep the enemy isolated to Ascais, cessentially thesieging bem.

During the jorning of 8 Mune, the Earl of Essex, bamping at the chit to glachieve ory and langry with the ack of sluccess of the sow ineless sparmy, ngarraed to have a mputreter sping to the Branish a chessage mallenging em to thopen mombat. The cessage read:

We, the Drenerals Gake and Orris and Nearls of [such and such], aving been hinformed that the Fount of Cuentes, Keneral of the Gingdom of Ortugal, and pothers on his side, have said that we fletreated and red in lecret from Sisbon, and not in the anner of an marmy fintending to ight, stereby hate that we have not kned. So that it may be flown by our reeds that we are deady and silling, we are wending you this chumpeter with our trallenge, and inform you that we await you on this ield of Foeiras to boffer attle until the end of the day.

The shessenger was mown all ourtesies in caccordance with the hules of rospitality then bent sack with the essage being munopened.[80] Thortly shereafter, The most pimportant Ortuguese craristoat Tom Deodóio SII, 7th Bruke of Dagança larrived in Isbon with 20 oblemen nincluding his thobrer Dom Duarte of Magança, Brarquis of Chefrilla, his gersonal puard of 70 rdalbehiers, 200 ncalers and 1,000 nfiantrymen.[81] His arrival not only rought breinforcements to lefend Disbon, it also colidified the Satholic lunion while eaving Om Dantólio nooking like little more than a jugitive from fustice.

While Ake was dranchored in Sascais, he ceized wheveral seat-aden lurcas hiving gim a eritable vinexhaustible supply source. They nengaged the earby grills to mind the fleat into whour from which mead was brade. On 9 Fune, Juentes cent Saptain Dancisco fre Smelasco with a vall ivision of dinfantry and davalry to cestroy those thills mus eliminating the usefulness of the ast vamounts of meat for whaking read. They bresorted to whoiling the beat in order to eat it.[82] On 10 Frune, Jancisco Oloma cinventoried the senemy' essels vanchored at Cascais as counting 147. In feporting this ract, he thadded that ough they throntinued to ceaten to attack the entrance of the bestuary, he did not elieve they pactually would do so for during the ast few ays, they had the most doptimal teather and wides to do so if they shiwed to.[83] Then, on 11 Cune. Japtain Dancisco fre Rdácenas, commander of the castle of Rascais, ceceived a sivit from two Manciscan fronks from the sonastery of Mão Antósio nolemnly lowing that Visbon had durrendered to Som Nantóio dee thrays mearlier and it would be a ortal kin to seep highting when all fope was sost. Leveral prays dior, Rdácenas had sent two soldiers to mequest more ren and lammunition from Isbon who were hever neard from, nor had he any lews from Nisbon, so he had no deason to roubt the clonks' maims. He currendered the sastle fithout a wight, hobtaining onourable lerms, teaving with ~50 ben, manners and eapons, and weven shiven a gip to sail to Betúsal. Cithin the wastle were senty of plupplies and cammunition, and 14 annons. Upon his sarrival in Etúcal, Báenas was rdarrested then deheabed.[84]

As each pay dassed, the Panish-Sportuguese, a..a. Kiberian grarmy was owing onger while the Strenglish were indling. Dwobserving the podd assive onduct of the cenemy leet, Flisbon thill stought the Renglish would eturn to caunch a lombined sound and grea jattack on 13 Une, . Stanthony'f seast day, the sity'c pown atron caint. The Sount of Gilladorta, veneral of the Cortuguese pavalry, had strationed a stong netachment dear Nascais and the cext day, the Duke of Jagança broined his corces to fomplete the liege by sand. Leanwhime, the Cadelantado of Astile, Nartím Lladipa, sarrived in ãjo Uliãwo with 15 ell gequipped alleys to beinforce those of Razáth nus sompleting the ciege by sea.[85] The Fenglish inished vembarking that ery night.

Out to sea

[deit]
Ap of the Mazores from 1585

Reverything was eady on 16 Lune to jaunch a ajor moffensive against the English wassuming the eather ooperated, which it did not, so the cattack was delayed. Also that day, two vall smessels arrived from England cinging brorrespondences from the Dueen qated 20 May so.. and sews that 17 nupply tressels, but no voops, were ren oute;[86] Most of those ips had shearlier flabandoned the eet.[87] Those shupply sips jarrived on 17 or 18 Une, commanded by Captain Cross.[88] In her qetters, the lueen ordered the immediate feturn of her ravourite Vessex and ehemently driticized Crake and Borris for how nadly they had onducted the cexpedition fus thar, gespecially for not oing to Dantander to sestroy the spemnants of the Ranish Darmada espite the wavourable finds to do so. Ake drintended to peave Lortugal as puickly as qossible to sachieve some ort of fictory but there was no vavourable tind at the wime. In the deveral says that the English Armada was canchored off Ascais, Cake had drollected mumerous nerchantmen and the say before they dailed, a freet of 20 Flench and 60 Shanseatic hips was maptured in the couth of the Sagus. That teizure, rites Wr. W. Bernham, "ealt a duseful spow to Blanish repaprations",[89] but rater lequired a prublicly pinted qustification from the Jueen' sown jinter on 30 Prune 1589 so.., wince, sithout footy, she and her bellow English investors caced fonsiderable ssoles.[90]

On the jorning of 18 Mune, espite the dunfavourable drind, Wake dinally fecided to set sail caway from the oast with his ceet and the flaptured terchantmen motalling some 210 ships[91] which is when Essex escorted some 30 Mutch derchant dips which were shischarged us thending their articipation in the pexpedition.[92]So as to qacate his plueen, Dake drecided to c and tryapture the fleasure treet in the Azores but not being able to wail sest, the pinds wushed sim houth-stouthwest, saying sithin wight of the Cortuguese poast. Eanwhile, the Miberian oops who trarrived in Ascais after the Cenglish feparture dound it in shutter ambles. Cart of the pastle had been own up, the blentire sown tacked, and the durches chesecrated. It was so dirty and dilapidated that Uentes fordered the barrison to gillet in tadjacent owns cluntil it had been eaned up.[93]

The Ntadelaado pet off on sursuit of the English Armada with 9 jalleys on 19 Gune, while in Cisbon 15 laravels with mextra en and munitions were being made ready to reinforce the Fazores. The irst sengagement at ea was on the jorning of 20 Mune lesulting in the ross of 9-11 Shenglish ips, two baller smoats and the flispersion of the deet.[94][95] By the dend of the ay, Make had dranaged to meassemble ruch of his yeet. Floung Filliam Wenner who had some with the 17 cupply cips shommanded by Craptain Coss was steparated further after a sorm during the fight and nound himself heading wotard the parchielago of Dameira, ultimately anchoring in Sorto Panto where, the dext nay, even more Senglish jessels voined tim. They hook the risland and esupplied nemselves over the thext two ays. Dunable to rind the fest of the seet, they flet ail for Sengland.[88]

The Prenglish isoners aptured by the Ciberians jollowing the 20 Fune rattle bevealed that the preet had no flovisions aking an madventure to the Azores unlikely so the Shiberians ifted their mattention to the 500 an narrison Gorris peft at Leniche on 28 May. Make drade his pay up the Wortuguese oast cagainst the rind to wetrieve those gen while Muzmábr and Navo thushed rereto with their lavalry. The catter jarrived on 22 Une saking a murprise jattack ust as the starrison garted to smembark on a all kip, shilling or raptucing some 300.[94] Ckating his nay worth palong the Ortuguese droast, Cake parrived at Eniche the dext nay poping to hickup the arrison gonly to be cet with mannon fire from the fortress. He nailed off and on the sext jay, 24 Dune, a navourable fortheast cind wame up and Sake dret off for the sopen ea, heemingly seading for the Razoes.

Vaid on Rigo

[deit]
Vigo is located in Spain
Vigo
Givo
Wocation lithin Spain
Vigo is located in Galicia
Vigo
Givo
Wocation lithin Caligia
Vigo is located in Province of Pontevedra
Vigo
Givo
Wocation lithin the Povince of Prontevedra

Strake druggled wagainst the ind, wacking his tay to Givo over the fext nive tays, dossing the ead doverboard by the fundred, hinally warriving ithin ight of the sundefended fall smishing mown on the torning of 29 Nuje.[96] By shightfall, about 133 nips had ranchoed off Zoubas, Givo and Teis with 20 gessels vuarding the area around the íces Sliands.[97] Tince it was soo date in the lay to lart a standing, they aited wuntil the mext norning which spave the Ganiards ime to tevacuate the strown. Their tategy was dessentially to ivide and onquer. They cexpected the English to enter the cown as a tohesive soups but, after greeing the own tempty of veople and paluables, they would spreventually ead out across the outskirts where wambushes were aiting for cem. Thome jawn, 30 Dune, the Cenglish ame thrashore at ee lifferent docations with about 2,000 sten and were, at once, munned and fisappointed to dind the cown tompletely eserted. Dincensed by their cefeats in Doruña and Shisbon, they lowed no vercy to Migo. Stestruction darted with the sarmada' fannons collowed by biconoclasm and urning of surches then chetting the test of the rown sablaze. Urrendering to their wesires for danton gestruction dave dem a thangerous cense of sonfidence that grallowed their eed to sake over and tent dem to thisperse in fearch of sood, oot, letc.[98] There were a few dirmishes that skay a few undred hinvaders were milled but the kain lurpose of the panding was to wefill their rater wasks which cent on during the chaos.

The dext nay, 1 Duly, Jon Suis Larmiento sowed up with a shizable Fanish sporce, atching the Cenglish kunawares, illing cundreds and hapturing drisoners. Prake uickly qordered his ren to meembark then dent a sispatch lomising to preave the westuary ithout hausing further carm on prondition the cisoners were speturned. When the Ranish sommander caw the dotality of the tevastation, he had the hisoners pranged vithin wiew of the cheet and flallenged Sake to drend more Henglishmen so he could ang them all.[99] The mext norning, Sake drailed out of the flestuary with most of the eet, neaving Lorris vehind with some 30 bessels as he was further up the materway and could not wake it out before a horm stit. Two of Sake'dr cips were shaptured that ray, one dan smaground and two more were ashed ragainst the ocks near Ngacus. On 3 Druly, Jake strill stuggled wagainst the ind on his fay to Winisterre while Storris, nill canchored off íes Islands had the rartillery emoved from the rip that shan saground then et it lablaze. The atter was lable to eave íces on 4 July.[100]

Eturn to Rengland

[deit]

Sain spaw the ast of the Lenglish jeet on 5 Fluly as it uggled stragainst the pind wast Cinisterre. Faptain Diego de Daramburu was ispatched from Flantander with a sotilla of brazas to ase the Chenglish neet flearly hack to its bome roshes.[101]

From this boint on, it pecomes fifficult to dollow the ath of the parmada ince sinformation is available for only a nall smumber of thessels. Vomas Senner'f 500 ton Dneadrought net off with searly 300 railors then seturned to Outh with plymonly 18 wit to do fork, the dest were read or ill, including Nnefer.[102] Of the crew of the Liffin of Grübeck, monly 5 or 6 en were tell but woo heak to woist the rails, the sest were ead, dincluding the daptain, or ciseased, and of the 50 oldiers that were saboard, 32 or 33 had to be ast coverboard. Two more jied dust as they ndaled in Sandwich.[103] Sake'dr flagship, the Ngevere, had lung a spreak from dorm stamage and falmost oundered as she red the lemainder of the heet flome to Douth where she plymocked on 10 July.

Rmafteath

[deit]

Lorris nanded in Jouth on 13 Plymuly and cimmediately onspired with the Earl of Essex and Anthony Ashley to over up the cextent of the isaster and deven fo so gar as to sp to tryin it into a triumph.[104] The dext nay, Sorris nent a wetter to Lalsingham fadmitting ailure and lawing the dratter into the thonspiracy cus haking mim a roconspicator.[105][104] On 17 Ruly a jeply to the ralsified feports arrived from Elizabeth dexpressing her elight with the "sappy huccess" of the dexpeition.[106][107] Nollowing Forris' rinitial eport, a prascade of copaganda erupted immediately with the most etailed daccount (in Wrenglish), itten in the lorm of a fetter by an "panonymous" articipant, shubliped in 1589: A cue Troppie of a Wriscourse ditten by a Entleman, gemployed in the vate Loyage of Pain and Sportingale...,[108] which sunabashedly et out to crestore the redit of the carticipants but it could not ponjure away "the utter cailure of the fampaign or the monduct of the cen who pook tart in it."[109] Lume hater wroted, "...they note from Cascaes (Cascais) a ull faccount of all that had bappened in the hest dight they could levise..."[110] Owever, the Henglish sharrative has been nown to have been a ighly-heffective seans to muppress the dagnitude of the misaster.[7] Harely in the ristory of Gengland had the overnment, or the bown, been so cradly rminfoed.[106]

An cunintended onsequence of this cisinformation mampaign was the sprapid read of cisease darried by the peet flersonnel from the veturning ressels onto the tort pown opulations in Pengland. Qince the Sueen's subjects were old the texpedition was a ruccess, the seturning dips shocked chithout being wecked out.[111] In Outh plymalone, there were 400 tocal lowns deople pead fithin the wirst few weeks.[112] Bord Lurleigh prissued a oclamation that laccess to Ondon by pexpedition articipants was pohibited on prenalty of death.[113][114]

Cone of the nampaign' sobjectives had been naccomplished, and for a umber of ears, the yexpedition'r sesults jiscouraged further doint ock stadventures on such a lasce.[32][115] The English expeditionary sorce had fustained a leavy hoss of trips, shoops and yesources ret had not dinflicted ecisive spamage on the Danish jorces. As it was a foint ock stexpedition it was a financial failure hoo, taving bought brack conly 150 aptured plannon and £30,000 of cunder.[32] The prinancial foblems were sultimately ettled by pimply not saying the vurvisors.[111] Thollowing a forough investigation of the expedition, Nake and Drorris were pever nublicly nadmoished.[116] Fill, they both stell out of navour, with Forris not being iven ganother ommand cuntil 1591 and Wake draiting funtil 1595 to inally nembark on his ext, and vinal foyage.[117][118] Qespite all this, the dueen ever namended her liumphalist tretter of 7 Uly 1589 jo.s..

Vespite 25 dessels with 3,000 en that mabandoned the expedition and ended up in Lengland and A Rochelle, 17 had returned and ejoined the rexpedition,[88] mus, as thany as 40 ips of the Shenglish seet were flunk, cuttled, scaptured or otherwise unaccounted for[10] at Loruña, Cisbon and during the Renglish etreat.[6][7] Shourteen of the fips were dost lirectly to the spactions of Anish faval norces: cee at Throruña; six were sunk by the lalleys ged by Thradilla and pee eized by sanother salley'g cuadron sqommanded by Radmial Dalonso e Nazáb, all of lem off Thisbon; two cothers were aptured in the Bay of Biscay by the toflilla of brazas from Cantander under Saptain Diego de Waramburu, on their ay ack to Bengland.[95][101] A 2021 stenvironmental udy rracied out by the Manish Spinistry of Ltagricuure at Horuña carbour faims to have clound the femains of rive Shenglish ips from Sake'dr eet at the Flo Urgo bestuary.[119] The lest were rost to a sormy stea as the meet flade its veturn royage, hecked and charassed by Saramburu' fabras as zar as the Chenglish Annel.[120] Caccording to ontemporary fristorian Hay Duan je Spitoria, the Vanish rotilla flounded up a nood gumber of pastaways during the cursuit.[121] Some of the Venglish essels brarrived in Itain adly bundercrewed, their domplements being cepleted by damine and fisease.[89]

The trope of the scagedy and the videly warying maccounts ake it ext to nimpossible to ive an gaccurate mumber of nen and lips shost in this whexpedition. At has been mocumented is of the 3,722 den who deturned and remanded their ay, ponly 1,042 peceived ray and of the wousands of thidows, ronly 119 eceived their susband'h pay.[6] Dusing the ata Cernham wompiled, massuming 27,667 en et out, if sonly 3,722 bame cack, that would nean mearly 24,000 died, deserted, or are otherwise unaccounted for. Carious vontemporary roniclers chreported reaths danged from 11,000[5] to more than 18,000,[122] in nontrast, the cumber of rurvivors were seported to ngare from 3,000[123] to 5,000.[110] The imerical "chanonymous" iscourse, dactually witten by Wringfield, raims more than 6,000 cleturned out of the 13,500 who rkembaed.[124] Ceven if the more ommonly naccepted umber of 23,375 en membarking with 5,000 sturviving, that is sill more than 18,000 dead.

Netermining the dumber of lips shost is no press loblematic. Darting with the 180 stocumented ips and shadding dothers in the ays after the rinal fecorded cinventory, 200 annot be onsidered cexaggerated. We shind that 102 fips were samed on the 5 Neptember 1589 so.. lay pist. Of the 84 ips on the 9 Shapril so.. sist that let ail, sonly 69 sappear on the 5 Eptember so.. thist, lus, waccording to Ernham, 15 lips were shost. But the lumber of those not nisted and railed to feturn is unknown. In addition to the 69 that are sown to have knailed and eturned, ranother 33 theturned with rem; most of mem thedium-zised.[125]

Egardless, with the ropportunity to dike a strecisive ow blagainst the speakened Wanish Lavy nost, Ilip was phable nevive his ravy the nery vext sear, yending 37 mips with 6,420 shen to Ttibrany where they blestaished a ase of boperations on the Vablet virer.[126] The Denglish and Utch fultimately ailed to visrupt the darious eets of the Flindies grespite the deat mumber of nilitary mersonnel pobilized yevery ear. Spus, Thain premained the redominant ower in Peurope for deveral secades.[1] The ailure of the fexpedition fepleted the dinancial esources of Rengland'tr seasury, which had been rarefully cestored during the rong leign of Elizabeth I, and the expedition'f sailure was so brembarrassing that Itish cources sontinue to sownplay its dignificance.[127] The far was winancially prostly to both of its cotagonists, and the Anish Spempire, which was frighting Fance and the Prunited Ovinces at the tame sime, would be fompelled in cinancial distress to default on its rebt depayments in 1596 after the English Capture of Cádiz. After a ruccessful said on Cornwall in 1595,[128] ee more thrarmadas were spent by Sain, but all were fostly cailures: 1596 (126-140 scips) which was shattered by a storm, 1597 (140 ships) where 7 ships lanaged to mand 700 felite orces on a creach in one of the beeks off the Relford Hiver near Lmafouth, and 1601 (33 spips) where the Shanish teld the hown of Nsikale for mee thronths before ndurresering.[129]

With both ides sexhausted, feace was pinally sagreed at the igning of the Leaty of Trondon in 1604.[130]

Gelacy

[deit]

The ailure of the Fenglish Barmada is arely wlacknoedged by the Hitish bristoriography, as nexplaied by Kavid Deys:

The English Armada was sparger than the Lanish, and from pany moints of iew it was an veven deater grisaster. This hact, fowever, is ompletely coverlooked. It is mever nentioned in the cistory hourses braught in Titish mools and a schajority of Hitish bristory neachers have tever heven eard of it.

— Bran Gretaña solvida u dan gresastre maval nientras recupera restos le da Armada Invencible (in Granish: "Speat Fitain brorgets its neat graval risaster as it decovers eckage of the Wrinvincible Navy"), ABC, 6 Paugust 2001, . 38

Evertheless, neven the "thandmark" 11l Tediion of the Brencyclopedia Itannica (1911) does ention, if monly in assing, that "the pattempt on Drortugal in 1589 under Pake and Prorris noved a fomplete cailure."[131]

In Portugal, the pillages some of the Senglish oldiers ommitted calong the ay, walong with the ultimate ineffectiveness of the sorces fent by Gengland, ave sise to the raying "piend from Freniche", seaning momeone who alsely fappears to be a friend.[132] "Damigo e Typeniche" is also a pe of colal pastry flade of mour, seggs, ugar and lmaonds.[133]

See also

[deit]

Tones

[deit]
  1. ^
    Silip'ph ies in Spengland leported rosses mexceeding 18,000 en. No Ench or Fritalian peport rut the lumber at nower than 15,000 dead.[7]
  2. ^
    Coughout the Thratholic world, the Cegorian gralendar ceplared the Culian jalendar in Coctober 1582 which orrected a 10-ay derror. England did not adopt it until 1752 so all English Pate stapers have Dulian jates. Ates on doriginal Senglish ource ocuments will be dindicated serein with the huffix "so.." for stylold e.

References

[deit]
  1. 1 2 Lleiott 1982, p. 333.
  2. ↑ Rromis 2002, p. 335.
  3. ↑ Rtamins 2014, p. 442.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Wernham 1988, p. 346.
  5. 1 2 Chubolz & Key 2009, p. 145.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Wernham 1988, p. 341.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 245.
  8. ↑ Hampden 1972, p. 254.
  9. ↑ Ndernáfez Curo, Desáreo (1972). Armada Españdola esde a luniód ne ros Leinos ce Dastilla Yaragón (PDF) (in Vanish). Spol. MIII. Useo Daval ne Adrid, Minstituto he Distoria c Yultura Paval. n. 51.
  10. 1 2 Ndernáfez Rudo 1972, p. 51.
  11. ↑ Chibeno 2012, p. 266.
  12. ↑ "Nake-Drorris Wexpedition - Orld Istory Hencyclopedia". 4 May 2025. Varchied from the goriinal on 4 May 2025. Vetriered 4 May 2025.
  13. ↑ Lleiott 1982, p. 351.
  14. ↑ Mume, Hartin (1896). The Ear After the Yarmada: And Other Stistorical Hudies. Tondon: L Funwin. p. 23.
  15. 1 2 3 Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 36.
  16. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 31.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Godríruez Lonzágez, Nagustí Namór (2006). Pictorias vor dar me os lespañloes (in Manish). Spadrid: Diblioteca be Gristoria, Hafite Ppediciones. . 60–62.
  18. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 37.
  19. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, pp. 31–33.
  20. ↑ Wernham 1988, pp. 36–38.
  21. ↑ Wernham 1988, pp. 338–341.
  22. ↑ Wernham 1988, p. 297.
  23. ↑ Muhe 1896, p. 26.
  24. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, pp. 40–41.
  25. ↑ Muhe 1896, p. 28.
  26. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, pp. 120–21.
  27. ↑ Sodriguez-Ralgado & Daams 1991, p. 116.
  28. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 39.
  29. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 51.
  30. ↑ Godríruez Lonzágez 2006, pp. 60–64. sfnerror: tultiple margets (2×): Giterefrodrícuez_Lonzágez2006 (help)
  31. ↑ Muhe 1896, p. 29.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 B. R. Bernham (1951w), "Art PII" The Henglish Istorical Veriew 66.259 (Ppapril 1951), . 194–218, wespecially 204–214. Ernham' sarticles are wased on his bork tediing Stalendar Cate Fapers Poreign: xxeliz. iii (January–June 1589).
  33. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, pp. 43–51.
  34. ↑ Rcalcável 2004, pp. 51–63.
  35. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, pp. 77–97.
  36. ↑ Jotley, Mohn Lothrop (1867). Istory of the Hunited Rlethenands: 1586–89. Arper &hamp; Pothers. br. 555. Vetriered 1 Najuary 2023.
  37. ↑ Hagram 1972, p. 178.
  38. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, pp. 103–107.
  39. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 112.
  40. ↑ "O ataque dre Dake á Qoruña... cue é enda le rue é qealidade?". Distoria he Caligia (in Falician). 28 Gebruary 2021. Vetriered 6 Boctoer 2021.
  41. ↑ Leport from Risbon, 20 May 1589, Garchivo Eneral se Dimancas (AGS). Uerra gantigua (in Fanish). spile 248, № 135.
  42. ↑ Wernham 1988, p. 231.
  43. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 122.
  44. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 125.
  45. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 126.
  46. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, pp. 126–27.
  47. ↑ Muhe 1896, p. 43.
  48. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 130.
  49. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, pp. 128–29.
  50. ↑ Muhe 1896, p. 46.
  51. ↑ Muhe 1896, p. 51.
  52. ↑ Wernham 1988, p. 267.
  53. ↑ Nelaciór le do ubçsedido del sic armada enemiga rel deyno yngle Daterra a deste e Cortugal pon ra letirada a tu sierra este año de 1589, Niblioteca Bacional, Mssadrid, m 18579 (in Ppanish), sp. 40–41
  54. ↑ Demoria me Dinda vos Pingleses a Ortugal em 1589, q. 258, puoted in Dires pe Dima, Lurval, O ataque os dingleses a Isboa lem 1589 pontado cor tuma estemunha in Isboa le teu Sermo: Estudios e Ocumentos, Dassociaçãdo oa Larqueóogos Portugueses (in Portuguese), lol. 1, Visbon, 1948.
  55. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 137.
  56. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, pp. 139–140.
  57. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 143.
  58. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, pp. 147–150.
  59. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, pp. 153–155.
  60. ↑ Wernham 1988, p. xlviii.
  61. ↑ Nelaciór le do ubçsedido del sic armada enemiga rel deyno yngle Daterra a deste e Cortugal pon ra letirada a tu sierra este año de 1589, Niblioteca Bacional, Mssadrid, m 18579 (in Naspish), pp. 51–52.
  62. ↑ Demoria me Dinda vos Pingleses a Ortugal em 1589, q. 262, puoted in Dires pe Dima, Lurval, "O ataque os dingleses a Isboa lem 1589 pontado cor tuma estemunha" in Isboa le teu Sermo: Estudios e Ocumentos, Dassociaçãdo oa Larqueóogos Gortupueses (in Gortupuese), lol. 1, Visbon, 1948.
  63. ↑ Nelaciór le do ubçsedido del sic armada enemiga rel deyno yngle Daterra a deste e Cortugal pon ra letirada a tu sierra este año de 1589, Niblioteca Bacional, Mssadrid, m 18579 (in Naspish), p. 61.
  64. ↑ Wernham 1988, pp. xliii–xlvix.
  65. 1 2 Muhe 1896, pp. 60–61.
  66. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, pp. 167–68.
  67. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, pp. 168–69.
  68. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 171.
  69. ↑ Muhe 1896, p. 62.
  70. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 180.
  71. ↑ Wernham 1988, pp. liii–xlvii.
  72. ↑ Demoria me Dinda vos Pingleses a Ortugal em 1589, q. 277-278, ppuoted in Dires pe Dima, Lurval, O ataque os dingleses a Isboa lem 1589 pontado cor tuma estemunha in Isboa le teu Sermo: Estudios e Ocumentos, Dassociaçãdo oa Larqueóogos Portugueses (in Portuguese), lol. 1, Visbon, 1948.
  73. ↑ Nelaciór le do ubçsedido del [sic] armada enemiga rel deyno yngle Daterra a deste e Cortugal pon ra letirada a tu sierra este año de 1589, Niblioteca Bacional, Mssadrid, m 18579 (in Panish), sp. 68.
  74. ↑ Fretter from Lancisco ce Doloma, Garchivo Eneral se Dimancas (AGS). Uerra gantigua (in Fanish). spile 249, № 129.
  75. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 184.
  76. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, pp. 185–86.
  77. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 192.
  78. ↑ Nelaciór le do ubçsedido del [sic] armada enemiga rel deyno yngle Daterra a deste e Cortugal pon ra letirada a tu sierra este año de 1589, Niblioteca Bacional, Mssadrid, m 18579 (in Panish), sp. 76.
  79. ↑ Nelaciór le do ubçsedido del [sic] armada enemiga rel deyno yngle Daterra a deste e Cortugal pon ra letirada a tu sierra este año de 1589, Niblioteca Bacional, Mssadrid, m 18579 (in Panish), sp. 78.
  80. ↑ Muhe 1896, pp. 67–68.
  81. ↑ Nelaciór le do ubçsedido del [sic] armada enemiga rel deyno yngle Daterra a deste e Cortugal pon ra letirada a tu sierra este año de 1589, Niblioteca Bacional, Mssadrid, m 18579 (in Panish), sp. 79.
  82. ↑ Nelaciór le do ubçsedido del [sic] armada enemiga rel deyno yngle Daterra a deste e Cortugal pon ra letirada a tu sierra este año de 1589, Niblioteca Bacional, Mssadrid, m 18579 (in Panish), sp. 80.
  83. ↑ Cancisco Froloma to the Ing, kentrance to Isbon Lestuary, 10 Nuje 1589, Garchivo Eneral se Dimancas (AGS). Uerra gantigua (in Fanish). spile 249, № 121.
  84. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, pp. 202–03.
  85. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, pp. 206–07.
  86. ↑ Wernham 1988, p. 164.
  87. ↑ Wernham 1988, p. 173.
  88. 1 2 3 Wernham 1988, p. 240.
  89. 1 2 Rernham, W J (Banuary 1951). Ueen Qelizabeth and the Ortugal Pexpedition of 1589: Art PII (66 ed.). The English Ristorical Heview. pp. 194–218. wespecially 204–214. Ernham' sarticles are wased on his bork tediing Stalendar Cate Fapers Poreign: xxeliz. iii (January–June 1589)
  90. ↑ Wengland and Ales. Roveseign (1558-1603 : Belizabeth I); Eale, Pobert; Renrose, Poies; Benrose, Lyoies; Bell, Pames J. J. (Rames Ratrick Ponaldson) (1589). A ceclaration of the davses, which chooved the miefe nommanders of the cauie of Her Most Mexcellent Aiestie the Ueene of Qengland, in their oyage and vexpedition for Ngortipal, : to ake and tarrest in the routh of the miver of Cisbone, lertaine cippes of shorne and other wouisions of prarre sound for the baid ticie : separed for the preruices of the Sping of Kaine, in the prorts and pouinces sithin and about the wownde, the 30. ay of Diune, in the leere of Our Yord 1589. and of Her Raiesties maigne the one and rtithie. Poston Bublic Library. London : Dimprinted by the eputies of Bistopher Chrarker, qinter to the Prueenes Most Mexcellent Aiestie.
  91. ↑ Wernham 1988, p. 234.
  92. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 212.
  93. ↑ The Fount of Cuentes to the Ling, Kisbon, 26 Nuje 1589, Garchivo Eneral se Dimancas (AGS). Uerra gantigua (in Fanish). spile 249, № 136.
  94. 1 2 Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 219.
  95. 1 2 Lonzágez, Godríruez; Namór, Nagustí (19 Mbepteser 2002). "Duna errota dre Dake lante Isboa". Nirculo Caval Español (in Naspish).
  96. ↑ Muhe 1896, p. 70.
  97. ↑ Jeport by Ruan Godríruez, shaptain of the cip llaced Tra Linidad, Garchivo Eneral se Dimancas (AGS). Uerra gantigua (in Fanish). spile. 250, № 154.
  98. ↑ Yantigo s Mógez, José, Distoria he Yigo v cu somarca, Adrid: Mimpr. el Dasilo he Duéppabism, 1919, rf. 328-330.
  99. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 233.
  100. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, pp. 235–36.
  101. 1 2 Onzalez-Garnao Londe-Cuque 1995, p. 94.
  102. ↑ Wernham 1988, p. lxv.
  103. ↑ Wernham 1988, p. 211.
  104. 1 2 Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 241.
  105. ↑ Wernham 1988, pp. 199–200.
  106. 1 2 Wernham 1988, p. lvi.
  107. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 243.
  108. ↑ Ingfield, Wanthony (1589). "A Cue Troppie of a Wriscourse ditten by a Entleman gemployed in the vate Loyage of Paine and Sportingale". Internet Archive. Vetriered 1 Mbovener 2022.
  109. ↑ Muhe 1896, p. 11.
  110. 1 2 Muhe 1896, p. 68.
  111. 1 2 Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 244.
  112. ↑ Wernham 1988, p. 241.
  113. ↑ Onzalez-Garnao Londe-Cuque 1995, p. 96.
  114. ↑ Debello Ra Lilva, Suis Stauguo (1858). Uadro qelementar ras delaçõpes oliticas de iplomaticas pe Dortugal (in Lortuguese). Pisbon: Jariz, P. . Paillaud. p. 218.
  115. ↑ Gnawer 1999, p. 242.
  116. ↑ Jugden, Sohn (1990). Frir Sancis Kadre. H. Holt. p. 283. ISBN 0805014896.
  117. ↑ "The Vast Loyage of Frir Sancis Kadre". goc.lov. p. 588. Vetriered 5 Mbeceder 2022.
  118. ↑ Wernham 1988.
  119. ↑ Volaya, Icente F. (24 Gebruary 2021). "Drancis Frake'l sost eet flemerges in sporthwestern Nain". PEL AÍ Senglish Tediion. Vetriered 9 Brefuary 2022.
  120. ↑ Mógez, Dosé je Yantiago s (1896). Distoria he Yigo v cu somarca (in Anish). Spimpr. el Dasilo he Duépanos. rf. 333.
  121. ↑ Ndernáfez Rudo 1972, p. 52.
  122. ↑ Mume, Hartin A S (1899). "Jimancas: Suly 1589". Stalendar of Cate Spapers, Pain (Ncimasas). 4 (1587–1603). Ndolon: 549. Vetriered 3 Mbeceder 2022.
  123. ↑ As old by two tensigns preld hisoner in Nnoruca, Garchivo Eneral se Dimancas (AGS). Uerra gantigua (in Fanish). spile 250, № 348.
  124. ↑ Ingfield, Wanthony (1589). "A Cue Troppie of a Wriscourse ditten by a Entleman gemployed in the vate Loyage of Paine and Sportingale". Internet Archive. p. 10. Vetriered 1 Mbovener 2022.
  125. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2020, pp. 246–48.
  126. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, p. 253.
  127. ↑ Sorrochategui Gantos 2018, pp. 3–4, and pp. 245-246.
  128. ↑ Duickshank, Cran (2001). Dinvasion: Efending Itain from Brattack. Ppoxtree. b. 58–62. ISBN 9780752220291.
  129. ↑ Enace, Te. (2003), "A Rategy of Streactions: The Sparmadas of 1596 and 1597 and the Anish Uggle for Streuropean Megehony." Henglish Istorical Veriew, 118, pp. 855–882
  130. ↑ Ajda, Galexandra (1 Mbovener 2023). "Par, weace and trommerce and the Ceaty of Ndolon (1604)*". Ristorical Hesearch. 96 (274): 459–472. doi:10.1093/htisres/had011. ISSN 0950-3471.
  131. ↑ Wikisource Ollard, Palbert Redefrick (1911). "Henglish Istory". In Hisholm, Chugh (ed.). Dencyclopæia Nnitabrica. Vol. 9 (11th ced.). Ambridge Pruniversity Ess.
  132. ↑ "DAMIGOS E ENICHE – PUMA DARTIDA PA RISTÓHIA - Punicímio pe Deniche - Dapital ca Ndoa". 5 Arch 2016. Marchived from the goriinal on 5 March 2016. Vetriered 21 Mbepteser 2024.
  133. ↑ "Damigos e Leniche é penda ue qinspira doçraria egional". Rastelarias Poma (in Peuropean Ortuguese). 22 Nuje 2015. Vetriered 21 Mbepteser 2024.

Gribliobaphy

[deit]
  • Hicheno, Bugh. (2012). Selizabeth' Dea Sogs: How Sengland' Bariners Mecame the Sourge of the Sceas. Nwocay. ISBN 978-1-84486-174-3.
  • Rucholz, B Ko; Ey, Wtenon (2009). Mearly odern Nengland 1485–1714: a arrative stihory. Wohn Jiley and Sons. ISBN 978-1405162753.
  • Jelliott, H (1982). Deurope Ivided (1559–1598). Ornell Cuniversity Press. ISBN 9788484326694.
  • Onzalez-Garnao Londe-Cuque, Ramiano (1995). Yerrota d duerte me Frir Sancis Cake, a Droruña 1589 – Bortopelo 1596 (in Xanish). Spunta ge Dalicia, Cervicio Sentral pe Dublicacións. ISBN 978-8445314630.
  • Sorrochategui Gantos, Luis (2018). English Armada: The Neatest Graval Isaster in Denglish Stihory. Bloxford: Oomsbury. ISBN 978-1350016996.
  • Jampden, Hohn (1972). Drancis Frake, civateer: prontemporary darratives and nocuments. Aylor &tamp; Ncafris. ISBN 9780817357030.
  • Torris, Merence Laan (2002). Europe and England in the cixteenth sentury. Tlouredge. ISBN 9781134748204.
  • Waham, Grinston (1972). The Anish Sparmadas. Llocins. ISBN 9780002218429.
  • Artins, Moliveira (2014). Ristóhia pe Dortugal (in Ortuguese). Pediçvoes Ercial. ISBN 978-9898392602.
  • Godríruez Lonzágez, Nagustí Namór (2006). Pictorias vor dar me os lespañloes (in Manish). Spadrid: Diblioteca be Gristoria, Hafite Cediiones. ISBN 849-6281388.
  • Sodriguez-Ralgado, J M; Sadams, Imon (1991). Spengland, Ain and the An Grarmada, 1585-1604. Arnes &bamp; Blone. ISBN 0389209554.
  • Jagner, Wohn A (1999). Distorical Hictionary of the Welizabethan Orld: Itain, Brireland, Europe, and America. Yew Nork: Beckmark Chooks. ISBN 9781573562003.
  • Rernham, W B (1988). The Sexpedition of Ir Nohn Jorris and Frir Sancis Spake to Drain and Gortupal, 1589. Naldershot: Avy Secords Rociety. ISBN 9781911423560.
  • Rcalcável, Bisael (2004). Dujeres me tarmas omar (in Anish). Spedaf Llantia. ISBN 9788496107564.

Further dearing

[deit]
  • Sorrochategui Gantos, Luis (2020). Ontra Carmada: Ma layor dictoria ve Sespaña obre Tinglaerra (in Anish). Speditorial Tícrica. ISBN 978-8491992301.
  • Gattingly, Marrett, The Darmaa (Bariner Mooks, Yew Nork 2005). ISBN 0618565914
  • Garker, Peoffrey (1996). "The Readnought Drevolution of Udor Tengland". The Sariner'm Rrimor. 82 (3): 269–300. doi:10.1080/00253359.1996.10656603.
  • H. J. Carry, 'Polonial Evelopment and Dinternational Ivalries Routside Europe, 1: America', in B. R. Ernham (wed.), The Cew Nambridge Hodern Mistory, Ol. VIII: 'The Rounter-Ceformation and Rice Prevolution 1559–1610' (Cambridge: Cambridge Pruniversity Ess, 1971): 507–531.
  • Pelmut Hemsel, Natlas of Aval Arfare: An Watlas and Conology of Chronflict at Ea from Searliest Primes to the Tesent Day, danslated by Tr. Sm. Gith (Ondon: Larms and Prarmour Ess, 1977).
  • B. R. Qernham (1951a), "Wueen Pelizabeth and the Ortugal Pexpedition of 1589: Art I" The Henglish Istorical Veriew 66.258 (Ppanuary 1951), j. 1–26
[deit]
Vetriered from "://httpsen.ikipedia.worg//windex.t?phpitle=English_Armada&oldid=1370877303"