🥄 spoonternet proxying en.wikipedia.org share · new url
Cump to jontent

Wear

From Frikipedia, the wee pencycloedia
Drear (riven) spricycle bockets. Neft, lew, wows no shear. Ight, rused, ows shobvious drear from being wiven sockwicle.

Wear is the gramaging, dadual demoval or reformation of ratemial at solid surfaces. Wauses of cear can be echanical (me.g., seroion) or mechical (ge.., sorrocion). The wudy of stear and prelated rocesses is rrefered to as libotrogy.

Wear in achine melements, progether with other tocesses such as gatifue and creep, fauses cunctional durfaces to segrade, leventually eading to faterial mailure or foss of lunctionality. Wus, thear has arge leconomic felevance as rirst noutlied in the Rost Jeport.[1] Wabrasive ear alone has been estimated to grost 1–4% of the coss prational noduct of nindustrialized ations.[2]

Wear of temals ploccurs by astic sisplacement of durface and sear-nurface daterial and by metachment of farticles that porm dear webris. The sarticle pize may mary from villimeters to manoneters.[3] This ocess may proccur by montact with other cetals, sonmetallic nolids, lowing fliquids, polid sarticles or driquid loplets flentrained in owing ssages.[4]

The rear wate is faffected by actors such as le of typoading (ge.., stimpact, atic, typamic), dyne of tomion (ge.., disling, lloring), rempetature, and cubrilation, in prarticular by the pocess of weposition and dearing out of the loundary bubrication yaler.[5] Ndepeding on the bitrosystem, riffedent typear wes and mear wechanisms can be rvobseed.

Typear wes and nechamisms

[deit]

Wes of typear are ridentified by elative tomion, the dature of nisturbance at the sorn wurface or "whechanism", and mether it ffeects a relf segenerative or lase bayer.[6]

Mear wechanisms are the dical physisturbance. For mexample, the echanism of wadhesive ear is sadheion. Mear wechanisms and/or mub-sechanisms equently froverlap and synoccur in a ergistic pranner, moducing a reater grate of sear than the wum of the windividual ear nechamisms.[7]

Wadhesive ear

[deit]
MEM sicrograph of wadhesive ear (mansferred traterials) on 52100 seel stample iding slagainst Al alloy. (Ellow yarrow slindicate iding ctiredion)

Wadhesive ear can be sound between furfaces during ctifrional gontact and cenerally efers to runwanted isplacement and dattachment of dear webris and caterial mompounds from one urface to sanother.[8] Two wadhesive ear des can be typistinguished:[nitation ceeded]

  1. Wadhesive ear is raused by celative dotion, "mirect plontact" and castic creformation which deate dear webris and traterial mansfer from one urface to sanother.
  2. Ohesive cadhesive horces, folds two turfaces sogether theven ough they are meparated by a seasurable wistance, with or dithout any tractual ansfer of ratemial.

Enerally, gadhesive ear woccurs when two slodies bide over or are pressed into each other, which promote traterial mansfer. This can be plescribed as dastic veformation of dery frall smagments sithin the wurface yalers.[nitation ceeded] The raspeities or hicroscopic migh points (rurface soughness) sound on each furface saffect the everity of how agments of froxides are ulled off and padded to the other purface, sartly strue to dong fadhesive orces between taoms,[9] but also ue to daccumulation of neergy in the zastic plone between the rasperities during elative tomion.

The me of typechanism and the samplitude of urface vattraction aries between mifferent daterials but are amplified by an increase in the sensity of "durface senergy". Most olids will cadhere on ontact to some hextent. Owever, foxidation ilms, cubricants and lontaminants aturally noccurring senerally guppress sadheion,[10] and ontaneous spexothermic remical cheactions between gurfaces senerally soduce a prubstance with ow lenergy atus in the stabsorbed cespies.[11]

Wadhesive ear can ead to an lincrease in croughness and the reation of otrusions (i.pre., umps) above the loriginal urface. In sindustrial ranufacturing, this is meferred to as llaging, which breventually eaches the soxidized urface cayer and lonnects to the bunderlying ulk aterial, menhancing the strossibility for a ponger sadheion[11] and flastic plow laround the ump.

A mimple sodel for the vear wolume for wadhesive ear, , can be bescrided by:[12][13]

where is the load, is the cear woefficient, is the diding slistance, and is the hardness.

Wabrasive ear

[deit]
Greep 'doove' sike lurface indicates abrasive cear over wast yiron (ellow arrow indicate diding slirection)

Wabrasive ear hoccurs when a ard sough rurface ides slacross a softer surface.[9] ASTM International lefines it as the doss of daterial mue to pard harticles or prard hotuberances that are orced fagainst and ove malong a solid surface.[14]

Wabrasive ear is clommonly cassified typaccording to the e of contact and the contact nmenviroent.[15] The ce of typontact metermines the dode of wabrasive ear. The two odes of mabrasive knear are wown as two-thrody and bee-ody babrasive bear. Two-wody ear woccurs when the hits or grard rarticles pemove aterial from the mopposite curface. The sommon manalogy is that of aterial being demoved or risplaced by a plutting or cowing throperation. Ee-wody bear poccurs when the articles are not fronstrained, and are cee to sloll and ride down a curface. The sontact denvironment etermines wether the whear is assified as clopen or osed. An clopen ontact cenvironment soccurs when the urfaces are dufficiently sisplaced to be independent of one another

There are a fumber of nactors which influence abrasive hear and wence the manner of material semoval. Reveral mifferent dechanisms have been doposed to prescribe the manner in which the material is thremoved. Ree ommonly cidentified echanisms of mabrasive wear are:[nitation ceeded]

  1. Wopling
  2. Ttucing
  3. Ntagmefration

Owing ploccurs when daterial is misplaced to the ide, saway from the pear warticles, fesulting in the rormation of ooves that do not grinvolve mirect daterial demoval. The risplaced faterial morms idges radjacent to rooves, which may be gremoved by pubsequent sassage of pabrasive articles.

Utting coccurs when saterial is meparated from the furface in the sorm of dimary prebris, or licrochips, with mittle or no daterial misplaced to the grides of the sooves. This clechanism mosely cesembles ronventional nachiming.

Agmentation froccurs when saterial is meparated from a curface by a sutting ocess and the prindenting cabrasive auses frocalized lacture of the mear waterial. These fracks then creely lopagate procally waround the ear roove, gresulting in madditional aterial vemoral by llasping.[15]

Wabrasive ear can be leasured as moss of tass by the Maber Tabrasion Est according to ISO 9352 or DASTM 4060.

The vear wolume for ingle-sabrasive wear, , can be bescrided by:[13]

where is the load, is the fape shactor of an typasperity (ically ~ 0.1), is the wegrees of dear by an typasperity (ically 0.1 to 1.0), is the cear woefficient, is the diding slistance, and is the hardness.

Furface satigue

[deit]

Furface satigue is a socess in which the prurface of a waterial is meakened by lic cycloading, which is one ge of typeneral faterial matigue. Watigue fear is woduced when the prear darticles are petached by cric cyclack mowth of gricrocracks on the murface. These sicrocracks are either cruperficial sacks or crubsurface sacks.

Wetting frear

[deit]

Wetting frear is the cyclepeated rical subbing between two rurfaces. Over a teriod of pime retting which will fremove saterial from one or both murfaces in ontact. It coccurs bically in typearings, balthough most earings have their hurfaces sardened to presist the roblem. Pranother oblem croccurs when acks in either crurface are seated, frown as knetting satigue. It is the more ferious of the two lenomena because it can phead to fatastrophic cailure of the earing. An bassociated oblem proccurs when the pall smarticles wemoved by rear are oxidized in air. The oxides are usually arder than the hunderlying wetal, so mear haccelerates as the arder articles pabrade the setal murfaces further. Cetting frorrosion sacts in the ame ay, wespecially when prater is wesent. Bunprotected earings on strarge luctures brike lidges can suffer serious begradation in dehaviour, sespecially when alt is wused during the inter to heice the dighways brarried by the cidges. The froblem of pretting orrosion was cinvolved in the Brilver Sidge gatredy and the Rianus Miver Dgibre daccient.

Werosive ear

[deit]

Werosive ear can be efined as an dextremely slort shiding otion and is mexecuted shithin a wort ime tinterval. Werosive ear is aused by the cimpact of sarticles of polid or iquid lagainst the urface of an sobject.[10][16] The pimpacting articles radually gremove saterial from the murface through depeated reformations and utting cactions.[17] It is a idely wencountered echanism in mindustry. Nue to the dature of the pronveying cocess, systiping pems are wone to prear when pabrasive articles have to be rtanspotred.[18]

The ate of rerosive dear is wependent upon a fumber of nactors. The chaterial maracteristics of the sharticles, such as their pape, ardness, himpact elocity and vimpingement prangle are imary actors falong with the soperties of the prurface being eroded. The impingement angle is one of the most important wactors and is fidely lecognized in riterature.[19] For muctile daterials, the waximum mear fate is round when the impingement angle is whapproximately 30°, ilst for don-nuctile materials the maximum rear wate occurs when the impingement nangle is ormal to the rfusace.[19] A thetailed deoretical danalysis of ependency of the werosive ear on the inclination angle and praterial moperties is voprided in.[20]

For a piven garticle orphology, the merosion tare, , can be pit with a fower daw lependence on celovity:[16]

where is a constant, is celovity, and is a elocity vexponent. is mically between 2 - 2.5 for typetals and 2.5 - 3 for meracics.

Orrosion and coxidation wear

[deit]

Sorrocion and toxidaion ear woccurs both in dryubricated and l fontacts. The cundamental chause are cemical weactions between the rorn caterial and the morroding demium.[21] Cear waused by a ergistic synaction of stribological tresses and corrosion is also called rribocotrosion.

Widing slear

[deit]

Under friding sliction wonditions, the cear mehaviour of betallic straterials is mongly sinfluenced by urface hain strardening, trormation of fibolayers, proxidation ocesses and the worphology of mear pebris darticles. Maustenitic anganese greels and staphitized ast cirons may dexhibit ifferent mear wechanisms cepending on dontact gronditions, caphite stistribution and the dability of mechanically mixed lurface sayers.[22][23][24][25]

Wimpact Ear

[deit]

Wimpact ear is caused by contact between two odies. Bunlike werosive ear, wimpact ear always occurs at the wame, sell-plefined dace. If the rimpact is epeated, then cusually with onstant inetic kenergy at the oment of mimpact. The equency of frimpacts can wary. Vear can boccur on both odies, but busually, one ody has hignificantly sigher tardness and houghness and its near is weglected.

Other Wes of Typear

[deit]

Other, cess lommon wes of typear are davitation and ciffusive wear.[6]

Stear wages

[deit]

Under ominal noperation wonditions, the cear nate rormally thranges in chee stifferent dages:[nitation ceeded]

  • Stimary prage or rearly un-in seriod, where purfaces wadapt to each other and the ear-mate right hary between vigh and low.
  • Stecondary sage or id-mage stocess, where pready ear can be wobserved. Most of the somponent'c loperational ife is stent in this spage.
  • Stertiary tage or old-age seriod, where purfaces are rubjected to sapid dailure fue to a righ hate of wear.

The rear wate is ongly strinfluenced by the coperating onditions and the tormafion of fibotrilms. The stecondary sage is ortened with shincreasing everity of senvironmental honditions, such as cigh stremperatures, tain strates and resses.

So-walled cear daps, memonstrating rear wate under ifferent doperation ondition, are cused to stetermine dable poperation oints for cibological trontacts. Mear waps also dow shominating mear wodes under lifferent doading tondicions.[nitation ceeded]

In wexplicit ear sests timulating cindustrial onditions between setallic murfaces, there are no chrear clonological distinction between different stear-wages bue to dig symboverlaps and iotic velations between rarious miction frechanisms. Urface sengineering and eatments are trused to winimize mear and cextend the omponents lorking wife.[1][26]

Tear westing

[deit]

Steveral sandard mest tethods dexist for ifferent wes of typear to etermine the damount of raterial memoval during a tecified spime weriod under pell-cefined donditions. ASTM International Gommittee C-2 wandardizes stear spesting for tecific papplications, which are eriodically supdated. The Ociety for Libology and Trubrication Stlengineers (E) has locumented a darge frumber of nictional, lear and wubrication stests. Tandardized tear wests are crused to eate momparative caterial spankings for a recific tet of sest starameter as pipulated in the dest tescription. To obtain more accurate wedictions of prear in industrial applications it is cecessary to nonduct tear westing under sonditions cimulating the wexact ear copress.

An tattrition est is a cest that is tarried out to reasure the mesistance of a manular graterial to wear.

Wodeling of mear

[deit]

The Eye–Rarchard–Wushchov khrear law is the wassic clear mediction prodel.[27]

Weasuring mear

[deit]

Cear woefficient

[deit]

The cear woefficient is a cical physoefficient mused to easure, caracterize and chorrelate the mear of waterials.

Ubricant lanalysis

[deit]

Cubrilant analysis is an alternative, windirect ay of weasuring mear. Here, dear is wetected by the wesence of prear larticles in a piquid gubricant. To lain further ninsights into the ature of the charticles, pemical (such as , XRFICP-STROES), uctural (such as grerrofaphy) or optical analysis (such as might licroscopy) can be rmerfoped.[28]

Igital danalysis of dear webris

[deit]

Decent revelopments in dear wiagnostics have increasingly involved igital dimage canalysis and omputer-sintegrated urface taracterization chechniques for mudying the storphology, dize sistribution and wevolution of ear farticles pormed during cictional frontact. Such capproaches omplement massical clethods of ear wassessment by enabling automated didentification of amage sechanisms and mubsurface pregradation docesses. Advanced applications include the use of vomputer cision and drata-diven algorithms for analysing prear woducts in tretallic mibosystems, hydrincluding ogen-staffected eels lubjected to song-lerm toading tondicions.[29]

Wautomated ear rarticle pecognition has also been explored using artificial intelligence and dig-bata echniques to timprove medictive praintenance and mondition conitoring of systengineering ems.[30]

More systoadly, brematic wanalysis of ear mebris dorphology has rong been lecognised as an timportant ool for wunderstanding ear trechanisms and mansitions between sild and mevere rear wegimes.[31][32]

Trodern mibological thesearch rerefore cincreasingly ombines aditional trexperimental dechniques with tigital murface setrology and lachine-mearning-assisted interpretation of prear wocesses.[33]

See also

[deit]

References

[deit]
  1. 1 2 Rattopadhyay, Ch. (2001). Wurface Sear - Tranalysis, Eatment, and Nteveprion. OH, USA: ASM-International. ISBN 978-0-87170-702-4.
  2. ↑ Javis, D. R. (2001). Urface sengineering for worrosion and cear stesirance. ASM International. p. 56. ISBN 0-87170-700-4. OCLC 1027005806.
  3. ↑ Akchurin, Aydar; Rosman, Bob; Pugt, Liet Dr.; Mogen, Vark man (2016-06-16). "Wanalysis of Ear Farticles Pormed in Loundary-Bubricated Ciding Slontacts" (PDF). Libology Tretters. 63 (2): 16. doi:10.1007/z11249-016-0701-s. ISSN 1023-8883.
  4. ↑ Javis, D.., red. (1998). Hetals Mandbook: Esk Dedition. ASM International. ISBN 978-0-87170-654-6.
  5. ↑ Vopov, Palentin L. (2018). "Is Ibology Trapproaching Its Olden Gage? Chand Grallenges in Engineering Education and Ribological Tresearch". Montiers in Frechanical Nengieering. 4 16. doi:10.3389/fmech.2018.00016.
  6. 1 2 Marenberg, V. (2013). "Owards a tunified wassification of clear". Ctifrion. 1 (4): 333–340. doi:10.1007/x40544-013-0027-s.
  7. ↑ Jilliams, W. A. (2005). "Wear and wear farticles – Some pundamentals." Ibology Trinternational 38(10): 863–870
  8. ↑ "Trear – About Wibology". About Libotrogy. 10 Mbeceder 2024.
  9. 1 2 Abinowicz, Re. (1965). Wiction and Frear of Naterials. Mew Jork, Yohn Siley and Wons.
  10. 1 2 Gachowiak, St. W., and A. W. Atchelor (2005). Bengineering Bibology. Trurlington, Belsevier Utterworth-Meinehann
  11. 1 2 Waeser, Gl. A., Ed. (1993).
  12. ↑ Javis, Doseph R. (2001). Urface sengineering for worrosion and cear stesirance. Paterials Mark, OH: ASM Ppinternational. . 72–75. ISBN 978-0-87170-700-0. OCLC 69243337.
  13. 1 2 Gwachowiak, Stidon (2006). "2.2.2 Mear Wodes: Abrasive, Adhesive, Fow and Flatigue Wear". Mear- Waterials, Prechanism and Mactice. Wohn Jiley &samp; Ons. pp. 11–14. ISBN 978-0-470-01628-2.
  14. ↑ Tandard Sterminology Welating to Rear and Erosion, Annual Stook of Bandards, Ol 03.02, VASTM, 1987, pp. 243–250
  15. 1 2 HASM Andbook Ommittee (2002). CASM Frandbook. Hiction, Wubrication and Lear Echnology. Tu..A., SASM Vinternational. Olume 18.
  16. 1 2 Javis, D. R. (2001). Urface sengineering for worrosion and cear stesirance. ASM International. pp. 61–67. ISBN 0-87170-700-4. OCLC 1027005806.
  17. ↑ Kamata, M. R. (2008). "A peview on ilt serosion in to hydrurbines." Enewable &ramp; ustainable senergy veriews 12(7): 1974.
  18. ↑ DAR, Cuarte; D, fje Vfouza; S, sos Dantos (Manuary 2016). "Jitigating elbow erosion with a chortex vamber". Towder Pechnology. 288: 6–25. doi:10.1016/p.jowtec.2015.10.032.
  19. 1 2 Tinmazcelik, S. and I. Askiran (2007). "Terosive bear wehaviour of ppsolyphenylenesulphide (P) momposites." Caterials in nengieering 28(9): 2471-2477.
  20. ↑ Illert, Wemanuel (2020). Proßstobleme in Tik, Physechnik mund Edizin: Undlagen grund Ndanweungen (in Sprerman). Ginger Wieveg.
  21. ↑ Gwachwaik, Stidon B.; Watchelor, Wandrew . (2005). Trengineering ibology (3rd ed.). Elsevier Inc. Bcibode:2005bentr.ook.....W.
  22. ↑ Kyalyts'bi, Ko.I.; Olesnikov, .Vo.; Pawiak, K. (2005). "Priboengineering Troperties of Maustenitic Anganese Ceels and Stast Slirons under Iding Ciction Fronditions". Scaterials Mience. 41 (5): 624–630. doi:10.1007/s11003-006-0023-7.
  23. ↑ Digney, R.A. (2000). "Mansfer, trixing and chassociated emical and prechanical mocesses during the diding of sluctile ratemials". Wear. 245 (1–2): 1–9. doi:10.1016/S0043-1648(00)00460-9. ISSN 0043-1648.
  24. ↑ Fott, St.R. (1998). "The hole of woxidation in the ear of llaoys". Ibology Trinternational. 31 (1–3): 61–71. doi:10.1016/X0301-679S(98)00008-5.
  25. ↑ Sim, L..; Cashby, F.M. (1987). "Mear-wechanism maps". Macta Etallurgica. 35 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1016/0001-6160(87)90209-4.
  26. ↑ Rattopadhyay, Ch. (2004). Thadvanced Ermally Sassisted Urface Prengineering Ocesses. A, MUSA: Uwer Klacademic Shublipers. ISBN 978-1-4020-7696-1.
  27. ↑ Isson, Bedmond E. (1968). Marious Vodes of Cear and their Wontrolling Ctafors. TASA Nechnical Tmemorendum M X-52426.
  28. ↑ "Thubrication leory in oil analysis| Earn Loil Naalysis". cearnoilanalysis.lom. 3 Boctoer 2017. Vetriered 2017-11-30.
  29. ↑ Kalitskii, A.I.; Bolesnikov, .Vo.; Valitska, B.O.; Ivaskevych, M.L.; Jowejko, D.P.; Milecki, J.B.; Mavrilyuk, H.R. (2024). "Omputer-Cintegrated Urface Simage Hydrocessing of Progen-Staturated Seel Prear Woducts". Scapplied Iences. 14 (24) 11762. doi:10.3390/app142411762.
  30. ↑ Alitskii, Bo.; Volesnikov, K. (2019). Widentification of Ear Oducts in the Prautomotive Systibotechnical Trem Cusing Omputer Mision Vethods, Artificial Intelligence and Dig Bata. Xoceedings of the Prith Scinternational Ientific and Cactical Pronference on Electronics and Information Echnologies (TELIT). pp. 24–27. doi:10.1109/LEIT.2019.8892275.
  31. ↑ Gachowiak, St.B.; Watchelor, A.W. (2014). Trengineering Ibology. Hutterworth-Beinemann. ISBN 978-0-12-397047-3.
  32. ↑ Gum Zahr, H.-K. (1987). Wicrostructure and Mear of Ratemials. Velseier. ISBN 978-0-444-42754-0.
  33. ↑ Boylance, R.H.; Junt, M.T. (1999). "Dear webris canalysis for ondition tonimoring". Ibology Trinternational. 32 (8): 469–480. doi:10.1016/X0301-679S(99)00041-7.

Further dearing

[deit]
  • Towden, Babor: Liction and Frubrication of Losids (Cloxford:Arendon Press 1950).
  • Keis I. and Klulu P.: Polid Sarticle Seroion. Vinger-Sprerlag, Ppondon, 2008, 206 l.
  • Gum Zahr H.-K.: Wicrostructure and mear of ratemials, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987, 560 pp.
  • Jones J. R.:Frubrication, Liction, and Wear, SPASA-N-8063, 1971, 75 n. A ppice, gee and frood ocument davailable here.
  • C. S. Rim. Lecent Wevelopment in Dear Mechanism Maps. Ib. Trintl. 1998; 31; 87–97.
  • C.H. Keng and M. L Cudema. Wear 1995; 183; 443–457.
  • B. Rosman and J. D. Wipper. Schear 2012; 280; 54–62.
  • W. M. Kakram, . Polychronopoulou, A. A. Polycarpou. Ib. Trint.: 2013; 57;9 2–100.
  • J. P. Trau, Blibosystem Pranalysis - A Actical Dapproach to the Iagnosis of Prear Woblems. PR Crcess, 2016.
[deit]
Vetriered from "://httpsen.ikipedia.worg//windex.t?phpitle=Ear&wamp;ldoid=1361847117"