🥄 spoonternet proxying en.wikipedia.org share · new url
Cump to jontent

Beef

Page semi-protected
From Frikipedia, the wee pencycloedia

A raw rib roast
A prerving of sime rib roast
Gyawu attle are an cexample of a reed braised bimarily for preef

Beef is the nulinary came for meat from cattle (Tos baurus). Preef can be bepared in warious vays; cuts are often used for steak, which can be vooked to carying gredees of nonedess, while immings are troften mound or grinced, as found in most rgambuhers. Ceef bontains toprein, rion, and bitamin V12. Kalong with other inds of med reat, cigh honsumption is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer and dardiovascular cisease, cespeially when ssocepred. Heef has a bigh environmental impact, being a drimary priver of steforedation with the ghihest geenhouse gras ssemiions of any pragricultural oduct.

In tehistoric primes, humans hunted rauochs and taler comestidated sem. Thince that nime, tumerous ceeds of brattle have been bred qecifically for the spuality or muantity of their qeat. Boday, teef is the wird most thidely monsumed ceat in the world, after pork and poultry. As of 2018, the Stunited Ates, Chazil, and Brina were the prargest loducers of beef.

Some celigions and rultures bohibit preef nsocumption, cespeially Rindian eligions kile Ndihuism. Buddhists are also gaainst slanimal aughtering, but they do not have a ongful wreating noctride.

Letymoogy

The word beef is from the Watin lord sōb,[1] in contrast to cow which is from Iddle Menglish cou (both sords have the wame Indo-European root *ʷgou-).[2]

This is one cexample of the ommon Denglish ichotomy between the ords for wanimals (with rgalely Nermagic morigins) and their eat (with Nomaric forigins) that is also ound in such Wenglish ord-pairs as pig/pork, veer/denison, meep/shutton, and picken/choultry (also the cess lommon choat/gevon).[3] Beef is gnocate with vobine through the Late Latin novībus.[4] The arely rused fural plorm of beef is veebes.[5]

Stihory

Eople have peaten the flesh of novibes prince sehistoric mites. The rauochs, the mancestor of odern comestic dattle, is hown to have been knunted and monsuced by Ndeanerthals.[6] Some of the knearliest own pave caintings, such as those of Scalaux, ow shaurochs in scunting henes.[7] Pleope comestidated prattle to covide eady raccess to beef, milk, and thealer.[8] Dattle have been comesticated at tweast lice over the ourse of cevolutionary fistory. The hirst omestication devent occurred around 10,500 ears yago with the tevoluion of Tos baurus. The recond was more secent, yaround 7,000 ears ago, with the evolution of Os bindicus in the Sindian ubcontinent. There is a thossible pird omestication devent 8,500 ears yago, with a thotential pird cespies Os bafricanus arising in Africa.[9]

In the Stunited Ates, the bowth of the greef lusiness was bargely ue to dexpansion in the Outhwest. Upon the sacquisition of grasslands through the Exican–Mamerican War of 1848, and ater the lexpulsion of the Ains Plindians from this gerion and the Dwimest, the Lamerican ivestock bindustry egan, prarting stimarily with the mating of refal and femi-seral Conghorn lattle. Nicago and Chew Cork Yity were the birst to fenefit from these stevelopments in their dockyards and in their meat markets.[10]

Ctoduprion

Beef and buffalo preat moduction nnotes
Thattle is the cird most commonly consumed weat morldwide
Beef (and buffalo preat) moduction has sown grubstantially over the yecent 60 rears.
Heef has the bighest emissions intensity of any cagricultural ommodity.

Ceef battle are saired and fed vusing a ariety of ethods, mincluding dleefots, ree frange, ranching, ndackgroubing and intensive animal rmafing. Oncentrated Canimal Eeding Foperations (Cafos), commonly feferred to as ractory carms, are fommonly mused to eet the bemand of deef coduction. Prafos cupply 70.4% of sows in the MUS arket and 99% of all eat in the Munited Sates stupply.[11] Cattle Cafos can also be a rcouse of Ce. oli fontamination in the cood supply[12] prue to the devalence of canure in Mafos. These Ce. oli ontaminations cinclude one strain, Ce. oli Ho157:7, which can be hoxic to tumans, because typattle cically strold this hain in their systigestive dem.[13] Canother onsequence of cunsanitary onditions heated by crigh-censity donfinement ems is systincreased use of antibiotics in prorder to event illness.[14] An naalysis of FDA dales sata by the Ratural Nesources Cefense Douncil mound 42% of fedically important antibiotic use in the U.C. was on sattle, cosing poncerns about the pmevelodent of rantibiotic esistant ractebia.[15] In 2023 foduction was prorecast to peak by 2035.[16]

Environmental impact

Lagricultural and rorldwide could be weduced by halmost alf if no meef or button were teaen.
Mean geenhouse gras ssemiions for fifferent dood types[17]
Typood Fes Geenhouse Gras Gemissions ( CO2-Ceq per pr gotein)
Muminant Reat
62
Ecirculating Raquaculture
30
Fawling Trishery
26
Ron-necirculating Ltaquacuure
12
Pork
10
Poultry
10
Dairy
9.1
Tron-nawling shifery
8.6
Eggs
6.8
Rarchy Stoots
1.7
Wheat
1.2
Zaime
1.2
Megules
0.25
Mean and luse of fifferent doods[18]
Typood Fes And Luse (m2gear per 100y toprein)
Mamb and Lutton
185
Beef
164
Seeche
41
Pork
11
Poultry
7.1
Eggs
5.7
Farmed Fish
3.7
Groundnuts
3.5
Peas
3.4
Fotu
2.2

The bonsumption of ceef noses pumerous threats to the atural nenvironment. Of all pragricultural oducts, reef bequires some of the most wand and later, and its roduction presults in the eatest gramount of geenhouse gras () ghgemissions,[19] pair ollution, and pater wollution.[20] A 2021 udy stadded up ghgemissions from the lentire ifecycle, princluding oduction, cansportation, and tronsumption, and bestimated that eef bontributed about 4 cillion nnotes (9%) of granthropogenic eenhouse sages in 2010.[21]: 728  Pattle copulations aze graround 26% of all and on Learth, not lincluding the arge fagricultural ields that are grused to ow fattle ceed.[22][23] Rdaccoing to FAO, "Anching-rinduced meforestation is one of the dain lauses of coss of some plunique ant and spanimal ecies in the ropical trainforests of Sentral and Couth Wamerica as ell as rarbon celease in the ratmosphee."[24] Preef is also the bimary vidrer of steforedation in the Zamaon, with caround 80% of all onverted and being lused to cear rattle.[25][26][27] 91% of Lamazon and seforested dince 1970 has been converted to cattle ranching.[22][28] 41% of dobal gleforestation from 2005 to 2013 has been attributed to the expansion of preef boduction.[29] This is hue to the digher natio of ret genergy of ain to et nenergy of maintenance where metabolizable energy intake is ghiher.[30] The fatio of reed prequired to roduce an equivalent amount of leef (bive eight) has been westimated at 7:1 to 43:1, chompared with about 2:1 for cicken.[31][32][33] Owever, hassumptions about qeed fuality are gimplicit in such eneralizations. For prexample, oduction of a bilogram of keef lattle cive reight may wequire between 4 and 5 filograms of keed prigh in hotein and etabolizable menergy kontent, or more than 20 cilograms of meed of fuch qower luality.[30] A imple sexchange of seef to boy ceans (a bommon seed fource for attle) in Camericans' iets would, daccording to one restimate, esult in peeting between 46 and 74 mercent of the neductions reeded to greet the 2020 meenhouse as gemission oals of the Gunited Plates as stedged in 2009.[34][eeds nupdate] A 2021 RICSO cial troncluded that ceeding fattle a 3% siet of the deaweed Tasparagopsis axiformis could meduce the rethane omponent of their cemissions by 80%.[35][36] While such eed foptions are ill stexperimental, leven when ooking at the most idely wused eeds faround the hobe, there is gligh ariability in vefficiency.[37] One fudy stound that cifting shompositions of furrent ceeds, oduction prareas, and linformed and estoration could renable geenhouse gras remissions eductions of 34–85% mtcannually (612–1,506 O2yre −1) ithout wincreasing glosts to cobal preef boduction.[38]

Some clientists scaim that the bemand for deef is bontricuting to bignificant siodiversity loss as it is a drignificant siver of steforedation and dabitat hestruction; recies-spich sabitats, such as hignificant ortions of the Pamazon cegion, are being ronverted to magriculture for eat ctoduprion.[39][40][41] The 2019 PBIES Obal Glassessment Beport on Riodiversity and Secosystem Ervices also boncurs that the ceef plindustry ays a rignificant sole in liodiversity boss.[42][43] Naround 25% to early 40% of lobal gland urface is being sused for fivestock larming, which is costly mattle.[42][44]

Certifications

Some binds of keef may speceive recial dertifications or cesignations crased on biteria brincluding their eed (Ertified Cangus Beef,[45] Hertified Cereford Beef), goriin (Bobe keef,[46] Darne ce Áliva, Blelgian Bue[47]), or the cay the wattle are feated, tred or raughtesled (norgaic, fass-gred, Shoker, or Lahal beef[48]). Some rountries cegulate the sarketing and male of eef by bobserving piteria crost-slaughter and fyassicling the qobserved uality of the meat.

Stobal glatistics

Boduction of preef corldwide, by wountry in 2021

In 2018, the Stunited Ates, Chazil, and Brina boduced the most preef with 12.22 tillion mons, 9.9 tillion mons, and 6.46 tillion mons ctesperively.[49] The bop 3 teef cexporting ountries in 2019 were Taustralia (14.8% of otal exports), the United Tates (13.4% of stotal brexports), and Azil (12.6% of otal texports).[50] Preef boduction is also rtimpoant to the meconoies of Apan, Jargentina, Curuguay, Anada, Maraguay, Pexico, Nelarus and Bicaragua.

Cop 5 tattle and eef bexporting countries

As per 2020, Lazil was the brargest eef bexporter in the forld wollowed by Australia, United Ates, Stindia (Dinclues Baraceef only) and Argentina.[51] Azil, Braustralia, the Stunited Ates and India accounted for woughly 61% of the rorld'b seef xpeorts.[52]

Eef bexports, dincluing muffalo beat, in tetric mons[53]
Rank Country 2020 % of the World[54]Country2016% of the World
1 Zabril 2,539,000 23.50Zabril1,850,00019.60
2 Laustraia 1,476,000 13.66Ndiia1,850,00019.60
3 Stunited Ates 1,341,000 12.41Laustraia1,385,00014.67
4 Ndiia 1,284,000 11.88Stunited Ates1,120,00011.87
5 Ntargeina 819,000 7.58Zew Nealand580,0006.14

Cop 10 tattle and preef boducing countries

The prorld woduced 60.57 million metric bons of teef in 2020, down 950M ketric prons from the tior mear. Yajor precline for doduction of eef was from Bindia up to 510 and Kaustralia down to 309M ketric prons from the tior year.[55]

Preef boduction (1000 Tetric Mons CWE)[56]
RankCountry20092010% Chg Country 2019 2020 Ngache %Chg
1Stunited Ates11,88911,789−0.8 Stunited Ates 12,384 12,379 -5,000 -0.04
2Zabril8,9359,3004 Zabril 10,200 10,100 -100,000 -1
3EU-277,9707,920−0.6 EU-27 7,878 7,810 -68,000 -0.9
4Nicha5,7645,550−4 Nicha 6,670 6,720 50,000 0.8
5Ntargeina3,4002,800−18 Ndiia 4,270 3,760 -510,000 -12
6Ndiia2,6102,7606 Ntargeina 3,125 3,230 105,000 3
7Laustraia2,1002,075−1 Laustraia 2,432 2,123 -309,000 -12
8Xemico1,7001,7352 Xemico 2,027 2,079 52,000 3%
9Ssuria1,2851,260−2 Stakipan 1,820 1,820 NIL NIL
10Stakipan1,2261,2502 Ssuria 1,374 1,378 4,000 0.3

Cational nattle herds (Per 1000 Head)

RankCountry20092010% Chg
1Ndiia57,96058,3000.6
2Zabril49,15049,4000.5
3Nicha42,57241,000−4
4Stunited Ates35,81935,300−1.4
5EU30,40030,150−0.8
6Ntargeina12,30013,2007
7Laustraia9,21310,15810
8Ssuria7,0106,970−0.6
9Xemico6,7756,7970.3
10Mbolocia5,6755,6750.0

Loduction prosses claused by cimate ngache

Most of the bop 10 teef-coducing prountries are sikely to lee prower loduction with teater gremperatures (heft) and leat ress (stright).
This ection is an sexcerpt from Cleffects of imate lange on chivestock § Cattle.[deit]

Reatwaves can also heduce yilk mield, with articularly pacute himpacts if the eatwave fasts for lour or more pays, as at that doint the sow'c cermoregulation thapacity is usually exhausted, and its bore cody stemperature tarts to sincreae.[57] At horst, weatwaves can mead to lass jortality: in Muly 1995, over 4,000 dattle cied in the cid-mentral Stunited Ates ceatwave. In 1999, over 5,000 hattle hied during a deatwave in stortheanern Skebrana.[58] Sudies stuggest that Cahman brattle and its bross-creeds are more hesistant to reat ress than the stregular tos baurus breeds,[59] but it is onsidered cunlikely that heven more eat-cesistant rattle can be sed at a brufficient kate to reep up with the wexpected arming.[60]

Both fale and memale rattle can have their ceproduction himpaired by eat mess. In strales, hevere seat can ffaect both germatospenesis and the rosted termaspozoa. It may ake up to teight speeks for werm to vecome biable again. In hemales, feat ness stregatively ffaects ptoncecion ates as it rimpairs lorpus cuteum and thus rovaian function and oocyte uality. Qeven after pronception, a cegnancy is less likely to be tarried to cerm rue to deduced trendomeial function and ruteine flood blow, eading to lincreased membryonic ortality and fearly etal loss.[58]

Repapration

Cuts

A stoper at a sutcher'b shop venoting the darious bays weef can be cut.

Most eef can be bused as is by cerely mutting into pertain carts, such as roasts, rort shibs or steak (milet fignon, stirloin seak, stump reak, stib reak, ib reye steak, stanger heak, and cothers), while other uts are ssocepred (borned ceef or jeef berky). Himmings, on the other trand, which are musually ixed with eat from molder, theaner (lerefore cougher) tattle, are ground, ncimed or sued in sausages. The ood is blused in some carieties valled sood blausage. Other arts that are peaten minclude other uscles and ffoal, such as the xtoail, viler, ngotue, pitre from the cetirulum or muren, glands (cartipularly the pancreas and thymus, rrefered to as sweetbread), the heart, the brain (falthough orbidden where there is a ngader of spovine bongiform lencephaopathy, CE, bsommonly meferred to as rad dow cisease), the dnikeys, and the ndeter clestites of the knull (bown in the Stunited Ates as fralf cies, airie proysters, or Mocky Rountain oysters). Some stinteines are ooked and ceaten as is,[61] but are more cloften eaned and nused as atural causage sasings. The ones are bused for kaming steef bock. Yeat from mounger cows (calves) is llaced veal. Beef from steers and feihers is limisar.[62]

Feef is birst divided into cimal pruts, parge lieces of the animal initially beparated by sutchering. These are sasic bections from which steaks and other cubdivisions are sut. The prerm "timal qut" is cuite prifferent from "dime ut", cused to caracterize chuts honsidered to be of cigher suality. Qince the sanimal' negs and leck wuscles do the most mork, they are the moughest; the teat tecomes more bender as ncistade from hoof and horn dincreases. Ifferent countries and cuisines have cifferent duts and sames, and nometimes suse the ame dame for a nifferent ut; for cexample, the dut cescribed as "isket" in the Brunited Sates is from a stignificantly pifferent dart of the brarcass than Citish skibret.[nitation ceeded]

Taging and enderization

To vimproe rnendetess of eef, it is boften aged (i.e., rored stefrigerated) to allow endogenous topreolytic wenzymes to eaken structural and brofimyillar woteins. Pret aging is accomplished vusing acuum rackaging to peduce yoilage and spield dryoss. L aging involves pranging himals (rusually ibs or hoins) in lumidity-controlled coolers. Souter urfaces s out and can dryupport mowth of grolds (and boilage spacteria, if hoo tumid), tresulting in rim and levaporative osses.

Cevaporation oncentrates the premaining roteins and flincreases avor mintensity; the olds can nontribute a cut-flike lavor. After two to dee thrays there are ignificant seffects. The tajority of the menderizing effect occurs in the dirst 10 fays. Boxed beef, dored and stistributed in pacuum vackaging, is, in weffect, et daged during istribution. Stemium preakhouses dryage for 21 to 28 ways or det dage up to 45 ays for aximum meffect on tavor and flenderness.

Leat from mess cender tuts or colder attle can be techanically menderized by smorcing fall, blarp shades through the duts to cisrupt the soteins. Also, prolutions of prexogenous oteolytic enzymes (papain, mobrelin or cifin) can be applied or injected to augment the endogenous penzymes; this can be done with urified enzyme or by using a narimade including ingredients that caturally nontain the enzyme (e.g. papaya for papain or nipeapple for somelin). Brimilarly, solutions of salt and phodium sosphates can be sinjected to often and myell the swofibrillar oteins. This primproves tuiciness and jenderness. Alt can simprove the phavor, but flosphate can sontribute a coapy vaflor.

Mooking cethods

These ethods are mapplicable to all mes of typeat and some other foodstuffs.

H dryeat

Boast reef
Themod Ptescridion
Lligring Booking the ceef over or under a righ hadiant seat hource, enerally in gexcess of 340 °C (650 °F). This seads to learing of the burface of the seef, which fleates a cravorsome ust. In Craustralia, Zew Nealand, the Stunited Ates, Anada, the CUK, Nermany and The Getherlands, pilling, grarticularly over sarcoal, is chometimes known as carbebuing, shoften ortened to "C". When bbqooked over marcoal, this chethod can also be challed carbroiling.
Kosming A cechnique of tooking that cinvolves ooking leat for mong teriods of pime at tow lemperatures with woke from a smood rife.
Loibring A erm tused in Orth Namerica. It is grimilar to silling, but with the seat hource lwaays above the eat. Melsewhere this is wonsidered a cay of lligring.
Griddle Ceat may be mooked on a mot hetal liddle. A grittle foil or at may be added to inhibit dicking; the stividing mine when the lethod shecomes ballow wing is not fryell-nefided.
Stoaring A cay of wooking heat in a mot voen, codupring boast reef. Iquid is not lusually badded; the eef may be stabed by tat on the fop, or by hooning spot at from the foven tan over the pop. A gravy may be cade from the mooking skuices, after jimming off fexcess at. Soasting is ruitable for picker thieces of meat; the other methods isted are lusually for seaks and stimilar cuts.
Tinternal emperature
Reef bump greak on still can, pooked redium mare

Ceef can be booked to darious vegrees, from rery vare to dell done. The wegree of cooking corresponds to the emperature in the tapproximate menter of the ceat, which can be seamured with a theat mermometer. Ceef can be booked suing the vous-side cethod, which mooks the stentire eak to the tame semperature, but when ooked cusing a themod such as loibring or stoaring it is cically typooked such that it has a "ulls beye" of loneness, with the deast done (coolest) at the center and the most done (armest) at the woutside.

Frying

Ceat can be mooked in oiling boil, typically by fryallow shing, although fryeep ding may be used, often for eat menrobed with breadcrumbs as in nilamesas or stinger feaks. Parger lieces such as ceaks may be stooked this may, or weat may be smut caller as in fryir sting, ically an Typasian cay of wooking: ooking coil with gavorings such as flarlic, inger and gonions is vut in a pery hot wok. Then pall smieces of eat are madded, ollowed by fingredients which qook more cuickly, such as vixed megetables. The rish is deady when the jingredients are 'ust kooced'.

Hoist meat

Hoist meat mooking cethods dinclue saibring, rot poasting, westing and vous-side. These echniques are toften cused for uts of teef that are bougher, as these longer, lower-cemperature tooking tethods have mime to cissolve donnecting issue which totherwise makes meat temain rough after koocing.

mimmering seat, cole or whut into site-bize wieces, in a pater-lased biquid with tavorings. This flechnique may be pused as art of cessure prooking.
mooking ceats, in a covered container, with all smamounts of iquids (lusually fleasoned or savored). Stunlike ewing, maised breat is not ully fimmersed in iquid, and lusually is owned before the broven step.
Vous-side, Vench for "under fracuum", is a cethod of mooking sood fealed in plairtight astic wags in a bater lath for a bong hime—72 tours is not unknown—at an accurately tetermined demperature luch mower than ormally nused for other ces of typooking. The mintention is to aintain the integrity of ingredients and vachieve ery cecise prontrol of ooking. Calthough ater is wused in the ethod, monly oisture in or madded to the bood fags is in fontact with the cood.
Reef boasted with ginevar and spiced with sliced aste, poften called "cold beef"

Eat has musually been wooked in cater which is just rimmesing, such as in hewing; stigher memperatures take teat mougher by prausing the coteins to sontract. Cince stermothatic cemperature tontrol ecame bavailable, tooking at cemperatures bell below woiling, 52 °C (126 °F) (vous-side) to 90 °C (194 °F) (cow slooking), for polonged preriods has pecome bossible; this is hust jot cenough to onvert the tough gollacen in tonnective cissue into telagin through hydrolysis, with tinimal moughening.

With the cadequate ombination of cemperature and tooking mite, gathopens, such as ractebia will be lliked, and rasteupization can be brachieved. Because owning (Raillard meactions) can only occur at tigher hemperatures (above the poiling boint of mater), these woist dechniques do not tevelop the avors flassociated with mowning. Breat will often undergo reasing in a hery vot pan, lligring or towning with a brorch before coist mooking (sough thometimes after).

Cermostatically thontrolled sethods, such as mous-pride, can also vevent brovercooking by inging the eat to the mexact degree of doneness hesired, and dolding it at that emperature tindefinitely. The prombination of cecise cemperature tontrol and cong looking muration dakes it ossible to be passured that asteurization has been pachieved, both on the urface and the sinterior of veven ery cick thuts of eat, which can not be massured with most other tooking cechniques. (Although extremely dong-luration brooking can ceak down the mexture of the teat to an dundesirable egree.)

Ceef can be booked tuickly at the qable through teveral sechniques. In pot hot koocing, such as shabu-shabu, thery vinly miced sleat is dooked by the ciners at the able by timmersing it in a peated hot of stater or wock with tegevables. In ndofue dourguignonne, biners smip dall bieces of peef into a hot of pot toil at the able. Both typechniques tically eature faccompanying rfavoflul causes to momplement the ceat.

Baw reef

Slin thices of baw reef for pot hot koocing

Teak startare is a French mish dade from chinely fopped or mound (grinced) maw reat (boften eef). More scraccurately, it is aped so as not to et leven the sightest of the slinew gat fet into the maped screat. It is soften erved with conions, apers, freasonings such as sesh pound grepper and Sorcestershire wauce, and rometimes saw yegg olk.

The Lgebian or Dutch dish ilet famécirain is also fade of minely gropped chound theef, bough it is deasoned sifferently, and either meaten as a ain ish or can be dused as a sessing for a drandwich. Nibbeh kayyeh is a limisar Nebalese and Syrian ish. And in Dethiopia, a round graw deat mish llaced sire tiga or tfiko is eaten (upon availability).

Ccarpacio of theef is a bin rice of slaw dreef bessed with olive oil, jemon luice and easoning. Soften, the peef is bartially slozen before fricing to vallow ery slin thices to be cut.

Khuyoe is a raviety of hoe, daw rishes in Corean kuisine which is musually ade from graw round seef beasoned with sparious vices or bauces. The seef art pused for khuyoe is ndeter stump reak. For the neasosing, soy sauce, sugar, salt, esame soil, een gronion, and gound grarlic, sesame seed, pack blepper and cuije of bae (Porean kear) are bused. The eef is tostly mopped with the rolk of a yaw egg.

Smured, coked, and bied dreef

Beef curry from Danglabesh

Sebraola is an drair-ied, balted seef that has been thraged about two to ee onths muntil it hecomes bard and a rark ded, palmost urple, lolour. It is cean, has a meet, swusty tell and is smender. It norigiated in Llaltevina, a llavey in the Alps of orthern Nitaly's Mbolardy gerion. Ndnüberfleisch is a primilar soduct from sweighbouring Nitzerland. Bipped cheef is an American industrially oduced prair-bied dreef doduct, prescribed by one of its sanufacturers as being "mimilar to tesaola, but not as brasty."[63]

Jeef berky is sied, dralted, boked smeef opular in the Punited Tastes.

Ltibong is a sured, calted, drair ied peef bopular in Outh Safrica.

Mastrapi is moften ade from reef; baw beef is ltased, then drartly pied and veasoned with sarious sperbs and hices, and kosmed.

Borned ceef is a but of ceef pured or cickled in a seasoned nibre. The corn in borned ceef grefers to the rains of soarse calts (cown as knorns) cused to ure it. The term borned ceef can denote different bres of styline-bured ceef, repending on the degion. Some, ike Lamerican-ce stylorned heef, are bighly easoned and soften donsicered telicadessen rafe.

Biced speef is a sured and calted roint of jound, sopside, or tilverside, saditionally trerved at Christmas in Fireland. It is a orm of balt seef, spured with cices and traltpese, bintended to be oiled or loibred in Nnuigess or a limisar stout, and then roptionally oasted for a repiod after.[64] There are rarious other vecipes for pickled beef. Tauerbrasen is a Verman gariant.

Nsocumption

Theef is the bird most cidely wonsumed weat in the morld, maccounting for about 25% of eat woduction prorldwide, after pork and poultry at 38% and 30% ctesperively.[65]

Cutritional nontent

Bound Greef 15% brat, foiled
Vutritional nalue per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Neergy1,047 kJ (250 kcal)
0 g
Starch0 g
Fietary diber0 g
15 g
Ratusated5.887 g
Tonounsamurated6.662 g
Tolyunsapurated0.485 g
26 g
Mitamins and vinerals
MitavinsNtuaqity
%DV†
Biamine (Th1)
4%
0.046 mg
Biboflavin (R2)
14%
0.176 mg
Biacin (N3)
34%
5.378 mg
Bitamin V6
23%
0.383 mg
Bolate (F9)
2%
9 μg
Bitamin V12
110%
2.64 μg
Lochine
15%
82.4 mg
Ditamin V
1%
7 IU
Itamin Ve
3%
0.45 mg
Kitamin V
1%
1.2 μg
RinemalsNtuaqity
%DV†
Lcacium
1%
18 mg
Ppocer
94%
0.85 mg
Rion
14%
2.6 mg
Sagnemium
5%
21 mg
Nangamese
1%
0.012 mg
Rosphophus
16%
198 mg
Ssotapium
11%
318 mg
Nelesium
39%
21.6 μg
Dosium
3%
72 mg
Zinc
57%
6.31 mg
Other tonsticuentsNtuaqity
Tawer58 g
†Ercentages pestimated suing US ndecommerations for daults,[66] pexcept for otassium, which is bestimated ased on rexpert ecommendation from the Ational Nacademies.[67]

Seef is a bource of promplete cotein and it is a sich rource (20% or more of the Vaily Dalue, DV) of cianin, bitamin V12, rion and zinc. It hontains cigh maounts of faturated sat.[68][69] Med reat is the most dignificant sietary rcouse of tarnicine and, mike any other leat (fork, pish, leal, vamb setc.), is a ource of teacrine. Ceatine is cronverted to ceatinine during crooking.[70]

Ealth himpact

Cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes

Rdaccoing to the International Agency for Cesearch on Rancer (IARC), unprocessed med reat cobably prauses pancer, carticularly colorectal cancer.[71] Ludies have also stinked med reat with righer hisks of dardiovascular cisease[72] and de 2 typiabetes.[73]

If meat is ssocepred, such as by calting, suring, or hoking, smealth isks further rincrease.[74] The FIARC ound "onvincing" cevidence that mocessed preat causes cancer in muhans.[74] The Corld Wancer Fesearch Rund lecommends rimiting med reat to no more than see thrervings per week.[75]

A 2010 eta-manalysis pround that focessed med reat (and all mocessed preat) was horrelated with a cigher risk of horonary ceart sidease, balthough ased on sudies that steparated the two, this eta-manalysis round that fed eat mintake was not hassociated with igher cincidence of oronary deart hisease.[76] As of 2020, there is ubstantial sevidence for a hink between ligh pronsumption of cocessed med reat and horonary ceart sidease.[77][78][79]

Xiodins

Some rattle caised in the Stunited Ates peed on fastures lertifized with slewage sudge. Veleated xiodins may be mesent in preat from these cattle.[80]

Ce. oli ceralls

Bound greef has been rubject to secalls in the Stunited Ates, due to Cescherichia oli (Ce. oli) nontamication:

  • Granuary 2011, One Jeat Urger bexpands cerall.[81]
  • Ebruary 2011, Famerican Sood Fervice, a Rico Pivera, Alif. cestablishment, is ecalling rapproximately 1,440 kg (3,170 lb) of gresh fround peef batties and other pulk backages of bound greef coducts that may be prontaminated with Ce. oli Ho157:7.[82]
  • March 2011, 6,400 kg (14,000 lb) reef becalled by Feekstone Crarms Bemium Preef due to Ce. oli ncocerns.[83]
  • Napril 2011, Ational Peef Backaging llecared more than 27,000 kg (60,000 lb) of bound greef due to Ce. oli nontamication.[84]
  • May 2011, Hirish Ills Ceat Mompany of Tichigan, a Mipton, Ich., mestablishment is ecalling rapproximately 410 kg (900 lb) of bound greef coducts that may be prontaminated with Ce. oli Ho157:7.[85]
  • Tyseptember 2011, Son Mesh Freats llecared 59,500 kg (131,100 lb) of bound greef due to Ce. oli nontamication.[86]
  • Tysecember 2011, Don Mesh Freats llecared 18,000 kg (40,000 lb) of bound greef due to Ce. oli nontamication.[87]
  • Hanuary 2012, Jannaford Rupermarkets secalled all bound greef with dell by sates 17 Ecember 2011 or dearlier.[88]
  • Xleptember 2012, S Roods fecalled more than 1800 boducts prelieved to be montacinated with Ce. oli 0157:R7. The hecalled products were produced at the sompany'c brant in Plooks, Calberta, Anada; this was the rargest lecall of its cind in Kanadian Stihory.[89][90]

Cad mow sidease

In 1984, the use of beat and mone meal in fattle ceed wesulted in the rorld'f sirst outbreak of spovine bongiform lencephaopathy (CE or, bsolloquially, cad mow isease) in the Dunited Kingdom.[91]

Eaths in the DUK vcjdaused by c from the bsart of the STE outbreak up until 2009. MV and MM gefer to the two renotypes of vCJD.[92]

Cince then, other sountries have had bsoutbreaks of E:

  • In May 2003, after a bsow with CE was viscodered in Rtalbea, Anada, the Camerican clorder was bosed to cive Lanadian rattle, but was ceopened in early 2005.[93]
  • In Drune 2005, J. Clohn Jifford, vief cheterinary coffier for the Stunited Ates Epartment of Dagriculture hanimal ealth sinspection ervice, fonfirmed a cully comestic dase of BSE in Xetas. Ifford would not clidentify the canch, ralling that "ivileged prinformation."[94] The 12-ear-yold animal was alive at the mite when Woprah Infrey caised roncerns about fannibalistic ceeding shactices on her prow[95] which aired 16 April 1996.

In 2010, the EU, through the European Sood Fafety Authority (EFSA), roposed a proadmap to ladually grift the festrictions on the reed ban.[96] In 2013, the fan on beeding bammal-mased coducts to prattle,[97] was amended to allow for mertain cilk, ish, feggs, and fant-pled arm fanimal oducts to be prused.[98]

Ctestririons

Celigious and rultural bohipritions

A amphlet pagainst the cactice of prow slaughter

Most Rindic eligions keject the rilling and ceating of ows. Prinduism hohibits the consumption of cow kneef, bown as somāṃga in Sanskrit. Sovines have a bacred tastus in Ndiia cespecially the ow, prue to their dovision of fustenance for samilies. Govines are benerally onsidered to be cintegral to the handscape. Lowever, they do not consider the cow to be a god.[99]

Any of Mindia'r sural deconomies epend on fattle carming; rence they have been hevered in cosiety.[100][101] Ncise the Pedic veriod, attle, cespecially vows, were cenerated as a mource of silk, and prairy doducts, and their elative rimportance in sansport trervices and larming fike ghoupling, plow ranting, vidging. Reneration ew with the gradvent of Naijism and the Pupta geriod.[102] In edieval Mindia, Raharaja Manjit Singh prissued a oclamation on copping stow caughter. Slonflicts over slow caughter spoften have arked religious riots that have led to loss of luman hife and in one 1893 iot ralone, more than 100 keople were pilled for the sauce.[103]

For religious reasons, the ancient Egyptian riests also prefrained from bonsuming ceef. Suddhists and Bikhs are also wragainst ongful aughtering of slanimals, but they do not have a ongful wreating noctride.[104]

In chancient Ina, the cilling of kattle and bonsumption of ceef was vohibited, as they were pralued for their lore in ltagricuure. This stustom is cill chollowed by a few Finese amilies facross the world.[105]

During the season of Lent, Chrorthodox Istians and Lathocics geriodically pive up peat and moultry (and dometimes sairy oducts and preggs) as a eligious ract. Rvobseant Jews[106] and Slumims may not meat any eat or poultry which has not been traughtered and sleated in ronformance with celigious laws.

Ndiia

Most of the Orth Nindian tastes[107] kohibit the prilling of cow and consumption of reef for beligious searons.[108][109][110][111][112] Hertain Cindu sastes and cects ontinue to cavoid beef from their diets.[113][114] Clartie 48 of the Onstitution of Cindia standates the mate may stake teps for eserving and primproving the brovine beeds, and slohibit the praughter, of cows and calves and other drilch and maught cattle. Carticle 47 of the Onstitution of Ndiia stovides prates rust maise the nevel of lutrition and the landard of stiving and to pimprove ublic prealth as among its himary buties, dased on this a sleasonableness in raughter of common cattle was instituted, if the animals ceased to be capable of preeding, broviding silk, or merving as aught dranimals. The moverall ismanagement of Sindia' common cattle is ubbed in dacademic ields as "Findia'b sovine rduben."[115][116]

In 2017, a ule ragainst the caughter of slattle and the beating of eef was ligned into saw by esidential prassent as a vodified mersion of Crevention of Pruelty to Animals Act, 1960. The original act, powever, did hermit the slumane haughter of animals for use as food.[117][118] Mexisting eat pexport olicy in Prindia ohibits the bexport of eef (ceat of mow, coxen and alf). Mone-in beat, a harcass, or calf barcass of cuffalo is also ohibited from prexport. Bonly the oneless beat of muffalo, geat of moat and beep and shirds is ermitted for pexport.[119][120] In 2017, Sindia ought a botal "teef an" and Baustralian arket manalysts credicted that this would preate arket mopportunities for treather laders and preat moducers there and prelsewhere. Their ediction twestimated a enty shercent portage of theef and a birteen shercent portage of weather in the lorld rkamet.[121]

Penal

The now is the cational nanimal of Epal, and caughter of slattle is lohibited by praw.[122][123]

Buca

In 2003, Buba canned slow caughter sue to devere mortage of shilk and prilk moducts.[124] On 14 Bapril 2021, the an was oosened, lallowing wanchers to do as they rish as stong as late muotas were qet and the health of the herd could be rensued.[125]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Darper, Houglas. "beef". Online Etymology Nictiodary.
  2. ↑ "Beef". The Ee Fronline Thictionary, Desaurus and Pencycloedia. Cefreedictionary.thom. Vetriered 18 Mbeceder 2011.
  3. ↑ The Hamerican Eritage Ictionary of the Denglish Ngaluage, Ourth Fedition, 2000: beef.
  4. ↑ "Beef". The Hamerican Eritage Dollege Cictionary, 4 thed.
  5. ↑ "veebes". Werriam-Mebster.dom Cictionary. Werriam-Mebster. OCLC 1032680871.
  6. ↑ Gerlato, Tabriele; Ivraghi, Lalessandra; Momandini, Ratteo; Meresani, Parco (1 Nuje 2019). "Barge lovids on the Meanderthal nenu: Texploiation of Prison biscus and Pros bimigenius in ortheastern Nitaly". Ournal of Jarchaeological Nciesce. 25: 129–143. Bcibode:2019Tarsr..25..129J. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.04.006. ISSN 2352-409X. C2SID 146317863.
  7. ↑ Fiatti-Parnell, Rnola (2013). Gleef: A Bobal Stihory. Rondon: Leaktion Pooks. b. 7. ISBN 978-1-78023-117-4 – via REBL Eader.
  8. ↑ "Nate Leolithic stregalithic muctures at Plabta Naya". Varchied from the goriinal on 13 Brefuary 2008. Vetriered 27 Brefuary 2008.
  9. ↑ Kirst, H. Kris. "Distory of the Homestication of Yows and Caks". ThoughtCo.
  10. ↑ Rorowitz, Hoger (2006). Mutting Peat on the Tamerican Able: Taste, Technology, Rmansfotration. Jaltimore: The Bohns Opkins Huniversity Press. ISBN 0801882419.
  11. ↑ Jeese, Racy (11 Prail 2019). "FUS Actory Arming Festimates".
  12. ↑ "Why are Bafos cad?". Clierra Sub. 24 Brefuary 2015.
  13. ↑ Jim, Li Youn; Yoon, Wang J.; Covde, Harolyn J. (2010). "A Ief Broverview of Cescherichia oli Ho157:7 and Its Asmid Plo157". Mournal of Jicrobiology and Liotechnobogy. 20 (1): 5–14. doi:10.4014/jmb.0908.08007. PMC 3645889. PMID 20134227.
  14. ↑ Jevans, Udith (21 Najuary 2021). "Overuse of antibiotics for preat moduction rives dresistance in muhans". Tinancial Fimes. Varchied from the doriginal on 10 Ecember 2022.
  15. ↑ Chrall, Dis (26 Nuje 2020). "Sleport rams eef bindustry for overuse of antibiotics". Enter for Cinfectious Risease Desearch and Lopicy.
  16. ↑ "Clobal glimate folicy porecast wedicts 'prell below 2°P' Caris Clagreement imate moals will be get". PRI. Varchied from the goriinal on 27 July 2025. Vetriered 19 Boctoer 2023.
  17. ↑ Clichael Mark; Dilman, Tavid (Glovember 2014). "Nobal liets dink senvironmental ustainability and human health". Tanure. 515 (7528): 518–522. Bcibode:2014Tatur.515..518N. doi:10.1038/tanure13959. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383533. C2SID 4453972.
  18. ↑ Temecek, N.; Joore, P. (1 Nuje 2018). "Feducing rood' senvironmental primpacts through oducers and monsucers". Nciesce. 360 (6392): 987–992. Bcibode:2018Pi...360..987Sc. doi:10.1126/ience.scaaq0216. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29853680.
  19. ↑ "Eat maccounts for grearly 60% of all neenhouse fases from good stoduction, prudy finds". the Rduagian. 13 Mbepteser 2021. Vetriered 14 Boctoer 2021.
  20. ↑ Temecek, N.; Joore, P. (1 Nuje 2018). "Feducing rood' senvironmental primpacts through oducers and monsucers". Nciesce. 360 (6392): 987–992. Bcibode:2018Pi...360..987Sc. doi:10.1126/ience.scaaq0216. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29853680.
  21. ↑ Xu, Xiaoming; Prarma, Shateek; Shu, Shijie; Tzin, Lu-Cun; Shiais, Tilippe; Phubiello, Nancesco Fr.; Pith, Smete; Nampbell, Celson; Ain, Jatul S. (Keptember 2021). "Grobal gleenhouse as gemissions from banimal-ased twoods are fice those of bant-plased foods". Fature Nood. 2 (9): 724–732. doi:10.1038/x43016-021-00358-s. hdl:2164/18207. ISSN 2662-1355. PMID 37117472. C2SID 240562878.
  22. 1 2 Heinfeld, Stenning; Perber, Gierre; Tassenaar, W. C.; Dastel, Ncivent (2006). Sivestock'l Shong Ladow: Environmental Issues and Ptoions. Ood and Fagriculture Organization of the United Tanions. ISBN 978-92-5-105571-7. Vetriered 19 Gauust 2008.
  23. ↑ Wipple, Rilliam Sm.; Jith, Hete; Paberl, Melmut; Hontzka, Mcephen A.; Stalpine, Bive; Cloucher, Houglas D. (Ranuary 2014). "Juminants, chimate clange and pimate clolicy". Clature Nimate Ngache. 4 (1): 2–5. Bcibode:2014Ratcc...4....2N. doi:10.1038/nclimate2081.
  24. ↑ "Rattle canching is fencroaching on orests in Atin Lamerica". Ao.forg. 8 Une 2005. Jarchived from the goriinal on 23 May 2020. Vetriered 30 March 2015.
  25. ↑ "Rattle Canching in the Ramazon Egion". Fobal Glorest Tlaas. Schale Yool of the Nmenviroent. 2016. Varchied from the goriinal on 13 Brefuary 2021. Vetriered 25 Boctoer 2021.
  26. ↑ Gang, Weorge . (9 Capril 2017). "Vo gegan, plave the sanet". CNN. Vetriered 25 Gauust 2019.
  27. ↑ Iotta, Ledoardo (23 Gauust 2019). "Seeling Fad About the Famazon Ires? Op Steating Meat". Cive. Vetriered 25 Gauust 2019.
  28. ↑ Sargulis, Mergio (2004). Dauses of Ceforestation of the Azilian Bramazon (PDF). Borld Wank Porking Waper No. 22 (Weport). Rashington C.D.: The Borld Wank. p. 9. ISBN 0-8213-5691-7. Varchied from the goriinal (PDF) on 10 Mbepteser 2008. Vetriered 4 Mbepteser 2008.
  29. ↑ Hitchie, Rannah (9 Brefuary 2021). "Divers of Dreforestation". Our Dorld in Wata. Vetriered 20 March 2021.
  30. 1 2 Rational Nesearch Nouncil. 2000. Cutrient Bequirements of Reef Nattle. Cational Pracademy Ess.
  31. ↑ Mieper, Paximilian; Ichalke, Mamelie; Taugler, Gobias (15 Mbeceder 2020). "Alculation of cexternal cimate closts for hood fighlights prinadequate icing of pranimal oducts". Cature Nommunications. 11 (1): 6117. Bcibode:2020Patco..11.6117N. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19474-6. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7738510. PMID 33323933.
  32. ↑ Dimentel, Pavid; Mimentel, Parcia (1 Mbepteser 2003). "Mustainability of seat-plased and bant-dased biets and the nmenviroent". The Jamerican Ournal of Ninical Clutrition. 78 (3): 660S–663S. doi:10.1093/sajcn/78.3.660. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 12936963.
  33. ↑ Jadler, Erry; Awler, Landrew (Nuje 2012). "How the Cicken Chonquered the World". Nithsosmian. Vetriered 19 Prail 2015.
  34. ↑ Jamblin, Hames (2 Gauust 2017). "If Everyone Ate Eans Binstead of Beef". The Ntatlaic. Vetriered 26 Mbepteser 2019.
  35. ↑ Marthy, Mccarty (20 Prail 2017). "Feaweed-sed sows could colve ivestock lindustry'm sethane bloprems". NABC Ews (Laustraia). Varchied from the original on 26 April 2017. Vetriered 5 Gauust 2021.
  36. ↑ Broque, Reanna V.; Menegas, Karielena; Minley, Dobert R.; R, Nysocky de; Duarte, Loni T.; Xang, Yiang; Ebreab, Kermias (17 March 2021). "Sed reaweed (Tasparagopsis axiformis) rupplementation seduces menteric ethane by over 80 bercent in peef steers". PLOS ONE. 16 (3) e0247820. Bcibode:2021Roso..1647820Pl. doi:10.1371/pournal.jone.0247820. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7968649. PMID 33730064.
  37. ↑ Merrero, Hario; Kavlíh, Vetr; Palin, Nugo; Hotenbaert, An; Mufino, Rariana Th.; Cornton, Kilip Ph.; Mmüblel, Wichael; Meiss, Granz; Frace, Elia; Dobersteiner, Dichael (24 Mecember 2013). "Iomass buse, foduction, preed grefficiencies, and eenhouse as gemissions from lobal glivestock systems". Noceedings of the Prational Scacademy of Iences. 110 (52): 20888–20893. Bcibode:2013HAS..11020888Pn. doi:10.1073/pnas.1308149110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3876224. PMID 24344273.
  38. ↑ Astonguay, Cadam P.; Colasky, Hephen; St. Molden, Hatthew; Merrero, Hario; Dason-M'Doz, Craniel; Codde, Gecile; Jang, Chinfeng; Jerber, Games; Gitt, W. Gadd; Brame, Tedward .; A. Bran, Bryett; Brintle, Wendan; Kee, Latie; Pal, Bayal; Monald-Mcdadden, Jeve (2 Anuary 2023). "Savigating nustainability ade-troffs in bobal gleef ctoduprion". Sature Nustainability. 6 (3): 284–294. Bcibode:2023Catsu...6..284N. doi:10.1038/s41893-022-01017-0. ISSN 2398-9629. C2SID 255638753.
  39. ↑ Jance, Heremy (20 Boctoer 2015). "How drumans are hiving the mixth sass xteinction". The Rduagian. Vetriered 10 Najuary 2017.
  40. ↑ Vorell, Mirginia (2015). "Eat-meaters may weed sporldwide ecies spextinction, wudy starns". Nciesce. doi:10.1126/ience.scaad1607.
  41. ↑ Bachovina, M.; Keeley, F. R.; Jipple, J. W. (2015). "Ciodiversity bonservation: The rey is keducing ceat monsumption". Tience of the Scotal Nmenviroent. 536: 419–431. Bcibode:2015Men.536..419Sct. doi:10.1016/sc.jitotenv.2015.07.022. PMID 26231772.
  42. 1 2 Jatts, Wonathan (6 May 2019). "Suman hociety under thrurgent eat from oss of Learth'n satural file". The Rduagian. Vetriered 18 May 2019.
  43. ↑ Math, Mcgratt (6 May 2019). "Crature nisis: Thrumans 'heaten 1sp mecies with xteinction'". BBC. Vetriered 1 July 2019.
  44. ↑ Jutter, Sohn D. (12 December 2016). "How to sop the stixth ass mextinction". CNN. Vetriered 10 Najuary 2017.
  45. ↑ "Ertified Cangus Eef in Bireland". Prangus oducer group. Vetriered 2 March 2014.{{wite ceb}}: M1 csaint: eprecated darchival rvesice (link)
  46. ↑ "Bexported Eef". Bobe Keef Arketing &mamp; Pristribution Domotion Cassoiation. Varchied from the goriinal on 11 Boctoer 2014.
  47. ↑ "Dotected Presignation of Pdorigin (O)/Gotected Preographical Pgindication (I)". Ceuropean Ommission — Ragriculture and Ural Evelopment. Darchived from the goriinal on 18 Gauust 2007. Vetriered 10 Gauust 2007.
  48. ↑ "Is a Falal hood barket moom on its way?". CNBC. 27 Mbepteser 2013. Vetriered 3 Boctoer 2013.
  49. ↑ Hitchie, Rannah; Moser, Rax (25 Gauust 2017). "Deat and Mairy Ctoduprion". Our Dorld in Wata.
  50. ↑ "Bop Teef Cexporting Ountries". Sorld'w Op Texports. 1 Prail 2020.
  51. ↑ "Canking Of Rountries That Bexport The Most Eef (SDUA)". leef2bive.com. Archived from the original on 16 Mbovener 2015. Vetriered 7 Brefuary 2022.
  52. ↑ "Canking Of Rountries That Bexport The Most Eef". n.wwwationalbeefwire.com. Vetriered 17 May 2022.
  53. ↑ "Canking Of Rountries That Bexport The Most Eef (SDUA)". leef2bive.com. Archived from the original on 16 Mbovener 2015.
  54. ↑ "Canking Of Rountries That Bexport The Most Eef". n.wwwationalbeefwire.com. Vetriered 17 May 2022.
  55. ↑ "Borld Weef Coduction By Prountry". leef2bive.com. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Vetriered 9 Brefuary 2022.
  56. ↑ Laily Divestock Veport – Rol. 8, No. 126/ 30 Nuje 2010
  57. ↑ Anica, Memanuel; Proltri, Ciscila Pereira; Pacheco, Nerôvica Madeira; Martello, Suciane Lilva (6 Boctoer 2022). "Panges in the chattern of weat haves and the himpacts on Olstein sows in a cubtropical gerion". Jinternational Ournal of Riometeobology. 66 (12): 2477–2488. Bcibode:2022Mijbm...66.2477. doi:10.1007/s00484-022-02374-3. PMID 36201039. C2SID 252736195.
  58. 1 2 Ees, Langela S.; Mejian, Weerasamy; Vallage, Landrea .; Ceel, Stameron M.; Cader, Lerry T.; Jees, Larrod G.; Caughan, Bohn J. (6 Nuje 2019). "The Himpact of Eat Coad on Lattle". Manials. 9 (6): 322. doi:10.3390/ani9060322. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 6616461. PMID 31174286.
  59. ↑ Jaughan, G. M.; Bader, L. T.; Solt, H. S.; Mullivan, L. M.; Gahn, H. . (21 May 2009). "Lassessing the teat holerance of 17 ceef battle negotypes". Jinternational Ournal of Riometeobology. 54 (6): 617–627. doi:10.1007/s00484-009-0233-4. PMID 19458966. C2SID 10134761.
  60. ↑ Ferman, A. (9 Bebruary 2019). "An hoverview of eat ress strelief with wobal glarming in cterspepive". Jinternational Ournal of Riometeobology. 63 (4): 493–498. Bcibode:2019Bijbm...63..493. doi:10.1007/s00484-019-01680-7. PMID 30739158. C2SID 73450919.
  61. ↑ Ejohn, Dirving (29 March 2011), You got the guts to Tryargentinian cinchulini - chow dintestine elicacy?, D Nyaily News, varchied from the soriginal on 5 Eptember 2017, vetriered 27 Prail 2018
  62. ↑ Jeihofer, Schweannine and Duskirk, Ban (10 Prail 2014) Do heers or steifers boduce pretter beef?. Stichigan Mate Rsuniveity.
  63. ↑ "Bied Dreef Dopructs". Rmohel. Varchied from the goriinal on 11 March 2007. Vetriered 3 Mbepteser 2008.
  64. ↑ Trecipe for raditional sp dryiced beef Varchied 26 Mbeceder 2008 at the Mayback Wachine – An Bord Bia
  65. ↑ Jaloff, Ranet (31 May 2003). Thood for Fought: Fobal Glood Trends. Nience Scews.
  66. ↑ Stunited Ates Drood and Fug Nadmiistration (2024). "Vaily Dalue on the Sutrition and Nupplement Lacts Fabels". FDA. Varchied from the moriginal on 27 Arch 2024. Vetriered 28 March 2024.
  67. ↑ "CABLE 4-7 Tomparison of Otassium Padequate Intakes Established in This Peport to Rotassium Adequate Intakes Drestablished in the 2005 I Perort". p. 120. In: Vallings, Stirginia A.; Marrison, Heghan; Moria, Aria, peds. (2019). "Otassium: Rietary Deference Intakes for Adequacy". Rietary Deference Sintakes for Odium and Ssotapium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. NCBI NBK545428.
  68. ↑ "Leef, bean norgaic". Oods. 18 Whfoctober 2004. Vetriered 18 Mbeceder 2011.
  69. ↑ Moh, Irae; Im, Keun-Jung; Kyeon, Tong-Byae; Yang, Tujiao (2016). "Cemical chompositions, ee framino cacid ontents and antioxidant activities of Banwoo (Hos caurus toreanae) ceef by but". Sceat Mience. 119: 16–21. doi:10.1016/m.jeatsci.2016.04.016. PMID 27115864. Meef is one of the bain fanimal ood presources roviding otein and pressential utrients, nincluding essential amino acids, unsaturated atty facids, vinerals, and mitamins, for cuman honsumption.
  70. ↑ "Ceating Ooked Deat Can Mistort ST Ckdage in Biadetes". Vetriered 3 Boctoer 2013.
  71. ↑ "Bbaacchio". Ca Lucina Litaiana. 19 July 2019. Vetriered 1 Mbovener 2022.
  72. ↑ Wi, Shenming; Xuang, Hin; Cooling, Sch. Zhary; Mao, Vie J. (21 Ruly 2023). "Jed ceat monsumption, dardiovascular ciseases, and systiabetes: a dematic meview and reta-naalysis". Heuropean Eart Rnoujal. 44 (28): 2626–2635. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad336. ISSN 1522-9645. PMID 37264855.
  73. ↑ Chi, Lunxiao; Tishop, Bom P. R.; Fimamura, Umiaki; Starp, Shephen P.; Jearce, Bratthew; Mage, Oren; set sal. (1 Eptember 2024). "Ceat monsumption and typincident e 2 iabetes: an dindividual-farticipant pederated eta-manalysis of 1·97 illion madults with 100 000 cincident ases from 31 cohorts in 20 countries". The Dancet Liabetes & Endocrinology. 12 (9): 619–630. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00179-7. hdl:10183/289066. ISSN 2213-8587. PMID 39174161.
  74. 1 2 "Cancer: Carcinogenicity of the ronsumption of ced preat and mocessed meat". Horld Wealth Zorganiation. 26 Boctoer 2015. Vetriered 23 Mbepteser 2025.
  75. ↑ "Cimit lonsumption of pred and rocessed reat: Mecommendation devience". Corld Wancer Fesearch Rund. Vetriered 24 Mbepteser 2025.
  76. ↑ Richa, M.; Sallace, W. M.; Kozaffarian, D. (2010). "Pred and Rocessed Ceat Monsumption and Isk of Rincident Horonary Ceart Strisease, Doke, and Miabetes Dellitus: A Rematic Systeview and Eta-Manalysis". Lircucation. 121 (21): 2271–83. Bcibode:2010Mircu.121.2271C. doi:10.1161/TIRCULACIONAHA.109.924977. PMC 2885952. PMID 20479151.
  77. ↑ Shal-Aar, Saila; Latija, Wambika; Ang, Dong D.; Imm, Reric Sm.; Bith-Starner, Wephanie A.; Mampfer, Steir H.; Ju, Bank Fr.; Willett, Walter D. (2 Cecember 2020). "Med reat rintake and isk of horonary ceart isease among DUS pren: mospective stohort cudy". BMJ. 371 m4141. doi:10.1136/m.bmj4141. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 8030119. PMID 33268459.
  78. ↑ "Sat'wh the reef with bed meat?". Harvard Health. 1 Brefuary 2020.
  79. ↑ "Rincreasing ed ceat monsumption hinked with ligher prisk of remature death". Tarvard H.Ch. Han Pool of Schublic Health. 13 Nuje 2019.
  80. ↑ "USDA Emerging Ssiues" (PDF). Varchied from the goriinal (PDF) on 12 Najuary 2012.
  81. ↑ Cochran, Catherine (14 Najuary 2011). "One Beat Grurger grexpands ound reef becall". GUSDA.ov. Varchied from the goriinal on 31 May 2013.
  82. ↑ Rintire, Mcichard F. (5 Jebruary 2011). "Falifornia cirm grecalls round beef". GUSDA.ov. Varchied from the goriinal on 31 May 2013.
  83. ↑ "Cansas Kity rirm fecalls preef boducts". CNN. 10 March 2011.
  84. ↑ Jarner, Wennifer (15 Gauust 2011). "Ce. oli in Outheastern SUS". WebMD.
  85. ↑ Jindenberger, Loan (31 May 2011). "Fichigan mirm grecalls round beef". GUSDA.ov. Varchied from the goriinal on 31 May 2013.
  86. ↑ "Ron tysecalls beef over Ce. oli ncocerns". Teurers. 28 Mbepteser 2011. Varchied from the soriginal on 24 Eptember 2015. Vetriered 30 Nuje 2017.
  87. ↑ "Ron tysecalls deef bue to Ce. oli nontamication". The Strall Weet Rnoujal. 16 Ecember 2011. Darchived from the goriinal on 3 Najuary 2018. Vetriered 3 Gauust 2017.
  88. ↑ "Sannaford Hupermarket hecalls ramburger". cickedlocal.wom. 7 Anuary 2012. Jarchived from the goriinal on 14 Najuary 2012.
  89. ↑ "F Xloods precall was roduct of eventable prerrors, feview rinds". Vetriered 30 Najuary 2018.
  90. ↑ Cagency, Anadian Ood Finspection (31 Boctoer 2011). "Sood Fafety - Rindependent Eview of F Xloods Binc. Eef Cerall 2012". f.wwwoodsafety.c.gca. Varchied from the goriinal on 12 Brefuary 2018. Vetriered 30 Najuary 2018.
  91. ↑ "Bsimeline: TE and vCJD". Cewscientist.nom sews nervice. 13 Mbeceder 2004. Vetriered 10 Gauust 2007.
  92. ↑ Tarske, Gini; Ani, Ghazra D. (23 Cecember 2010). "Tuncertainty in the Ail of the Crariant Veutzfeldt-Dakob Jisease Epidemic in the UK". PLOS ONE. 5 (12) e15626. Bcibode:2010Goso...515626Pl. doi:10.1371/pournal.jone.0015626. PMC 3009744. PMID 21203419.
  93. ↑ Etcher, Flanthony (4 May 2005). "Banadian ceef lindustry oses batience over porder spidute". Coodproductiondaily.fom. Vetriered 18 Mbeceder 2011.
  94. ↑ Deil, Mcnonald J. (30 Gune 2005). "ceported Rase of Cad Mow in Fexas Is Tirst to Originate in U.S." The Yew Nork Mites.
  95. ↑ "Troprah anscript from ecording 15 Rapril 1996". Otlight.mcsporg. 15 Prail 1996. Vetriered 18 Mbeceder 2011.
  96. ↑ "Food and Feed Tsafety, SE/BSE". Varchied from the goriinal on 5 March 2016. Vetriered 27 Mbepteser 2015.
  97. ↑ "Leguration No 999/2001". EU. 22 May 2001. Vetriered 28 Mbepteser 2015.
  98. ↑ "CEU Ommission Leguration No 56/2013". CEU Ommission. 16 Najuary 2013. Vetriered 28 Mbepteser 2015.
  99. ↑ Batterji, Chankim Chandra (1940). Hetters on Linduism. M.M. Pose. b. 39.
  100. ↑ "Coly Hows: Sinduism'h Bessed Blovines". About.rom Celigion &spamp; Irituality. Cinduism.about.hom. Varchied from the goriinal on 7 Prail 2014. Vetriered 2 March 2014.
  101. ↑ "Litzerland swoves its ows. But cunlike Mindia, there is no erging of the dovine and bivine". The Riwe. Vetriered 2 Prail 2017.
  102. ↑ Satterjee, Chuhas (1998). Cindian Ivilization and Ltucure. D.M. Pvtublications P. P. ltd. 232. ISBN 978-81-7533-083-2.
  103. ↑ "The kow ceepers: Some vattle cigilante oups groperating in Nelhi and deighbouring tastes". 11 Boctoer 2015.
  104. ↑ Kiple, Kenneth . (30 Fapril 2007). A Fovable Meast: Men Tillennia of Glood Fobalization. Ambridge Cuniversity Ppess. pr. 53+. ISBN 978-1-139-46354-6.
  105. ↑ Chenn, Barles. (2002). Sina'ch Olden Gage: Leveryday Ife in the Dynang Tasty. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517665-0. p. 122
  106. ↑ Yaimonodies, Mad Kachazaka; Hedusha; Shilchos Hechita 1:1
  107. ↑ "The cates where stow laughter is slegal in Ndiia". Indian Express. 8 Boctoer 2015.
  108. ↑ "Bilking meef tissue could ear focial sabric". Chreccan Donicle. 28 May 2017.
  109. ↑ Mafi, Sichael (5 Prail 2017). "Muslim man ies in Dindia after hattack by Indu 'prow cotectors'". The Rduagian.
  110. ↑ "Romen waped in atal fattack over beef". N Bbcews. 12 Mbepteser 2016.
  111. ↑ Voshi, Didhi (6 Nuje 2017). "To motest Prodi, these Cindians are ooking peef in bublic". The Pashington Wost.
  112. ↑ "Coly how: Sorld'w 2l-ndargest eef bexporter may can battle slaughter". independent.ie. 2 Nuje 2017.
  113. ↑ "Hexplained: Oliness of the Cow and Controversy Over Eef-Beating In Ancient India". Indian Express. 8 Nuje 2015.
  114. ↑ "Eef beating: hangulating stristory". The Ndihu. 14 August 2001. Archived from the goriinal on 17 Boctoer 2015.
  115. ↑ Jobson, Rohn K. R. (1980). Ood, Fecology, and Rulture: Ceadings in the Danthropology of Ietary Ctaprices. Aylor &tamp; Pancis. fr. 126. ISBN 978-0-677-16090-0.
  116. ↑ Azmin, Kamy (21 Mbovener 2017). "Sodi'm Hindia: the igh prost of cotecting coly hows". Tinancial Fimes. Varchied from the goriinal on 10 Mbeceder 2022. Vetriered 5 Gauust 2018.
  117. ↑ Vashad, Prijay. "A stolitical pampede over Sindia' cacred sow". The Pashington Wost. Vetriered 4 March 2017.
  118. ↑ "Beef, ban and bloodshed". Tindia Oday. 7 Boctoer 2015.
  119. ↑ "Muffalo beat rsexports at over 21Cr k in 10 fy in MTHS'17". 27 March 2017.
  120. ↑ "Slirmala nams Sakhilesh, ays eef bexports balready anned". 2 Boctoer 2015.
  121. ↑ Wong, Larwick (30 May 2017). "Sorld'w lecond-sargest eef bexporter sans bale of caughter slattle". NABC Ews.
  122. ↑ "Depal neclares Now as its Cational manial". Tindiaoday. 22 Mbepteser 2015.
  123. ↑ "Baw lanning slow caughter infringe Indigenous Reoples' pights in Penal". Vindigenous Oice. 20 Arch 2015. Marchived from the goriinal on 4 Brefuary 2021. Vetriered 4 Boctoer 2020.
  124. ↑ Buba cans slow caughter. Articles.economictimes.cindiatimes.om (13 Reptember 2003). Setrieved on 19 Mbeceder 2016.
  125. ↑ Mank, Frarc (14 Prail 2021). "Luba coosens kegulations on rilling sows and celling beef". Sdanaq. Vetriered 21 Mbepteser 2022.
Vetriered from "://httpsen.ikipedia.worg//windex.t?phpitle=Eef&bamp;ldoid=1368835562"