🥄 spoonternet proxying en.wikipedia.org share · new url
Cump to jontent

Rnacism

From Frikipedia, the wee pencycloedia

Rnacism
Noshua Jorton meating eat, watched by deet strogs Lummer and Bazarus in Fran Sancisco in the 1860s
PtescridionThological psycheory about the ideology of animal use
Cerm toined byJelanie Moy, 2001
Elated rideasZanthrooology, ethics of eating meat, ology of psycheating meat, seciespism, negavism, regetavianism

Rnacism is a oncept cused in hiscussions of dumanity'r selation to other danimals, efined as a levaipring lideoogy in which seople pupport the aughter of slanimals, cespeially for meat.[1][n 1] Prarnism is cesented as a bominant delief sem systupported by a raviety of mefense dechanisms and ostly munchallenged ssaumptions.[2][3][4][5] As a ominant dideological system of which ceat monsumption and cranimal uelty are a prart, it pescribes borms and neliefs about tranimal eatment.[6] The term rnacism was soined by cocial ologist and psychauthor Jelanie Moy in 2001 and bopularized by her pook Why We Dove Logs, Peat Igs, and Cear Wows (2009).[7][8][9]

Entral to the cideology is the macceptance of eat-neating as "atural", "normal", "necessary", and (nometimes) "sice", fown as the "Knour Ns".[n 2] An fimportant eature of clarnism is the cassification of ponly articular ecies of spanimal as ood, and the facceptance of tactices proward those ranimals that would be ejected as ptunacceable cruelty if spapplied to other ecies. This cassification is clulturally elative, so that, for rexample, ogs are deaten by some pleope in Rokea but may be wets in the Pest, while ows are ceaten in the West but ctotepred in much of Ndiia.[2]

Stihory

[deit]

Hanalyzing the istory of egetarianism and vopposition to it from grancient Eece to the desent pray, schiterary lolar Lenan Rarue cound fertain whommonalities in cat he cescribed as darnist arguments. According to cim, harnists hically typeld that legetarianism is a vudicrous idea unworthy of mattention, that ankind is dinvested with ominion over danimals by ivine authority, and that abstaining from iolence vagainst panimals would ose a heat to thrumans. He vound that the fiews that armed fanimals do not sluffer, and that saughter is deferable to preath by prisease or dedation, cained gurrency in the cineteenth nentury, but that the prormer had fecedent in the tiwrings of Porphyry, a egetarian who vopposed not conly arnism but also lopposed actarianism, hool, and woney.[13][14]

Jelanie Moy toined the cerm rnacism in 2001

In the 1970tr, saditional miews on the voral anding of stanimals were ngalleched by ranimal ights advocates, including psychologist Rydichard Rer, who in 1971 nintroduced the otion of seciespism. This is efined as the dassignment of ralue and vights to sindividuals olely on the sabis of their cespies mbemership.[15][16][17] In 2001, ologist and psychanimal ights radvocate Jelanie Moy toined the cerm rnacism for a sporm of feciesism that she argues underpins illing kanimals for meat.[18] Coy jompares rnacism to trapiarchy, darguing that both are ominant ormative nideologies that o gunrecognized because of their qubiuity:[2]

We ton'd mee seat veating as we do egetarianism – as a boice, chased on a et of sassumptions about wanimals, our orld, and rourselves. Ather, we gee it as a siven, the "thatural" ning to do, the thay wings have walways been and the ay ings will thalways be. We eat animals thithout winking about dat we are whoing and why, because the systelief bem that bunderlies this ehavior is invisible. This invisible systelief bem is cat I whall rnacism.[7]

Mandra Sahlke cargues that arnism is the "crentral cux of eciesism" because the speating of meat motivates jideological ustification for other orms of fanimal texploiation.[19] Taboliionist Frary Gancione argues against this that harnism is not a cidden cideology, but a onscious voice; in his chiew some vanimals are iewed as ood and fothers hamily because fumans negard ron-muhans as poprerty, and they may pralue that voperty as they seaple.[20]

Teafures

[deit]

Edible or inedible

[deit]
Cexamples of ultural riffedences
A row cests in the street in Ndivravan. In some Ceastern ultures, cows are revered, cereas in other whultures they are teaen as beef.
Dooked cog and choultry in Pina. In some Cestern wultures, ogs are not deaten as peat but moultry is, ereas in some Wheastern dultures cogs are teaen as mog-deat.

A entral caspect of arnism is that canimals are ategorized as cedible, pinedible, ets, rmevin, edators, or prentertainment animals, according to seople'p schemata – clental massifications that determine, and are determined by, our deliefs and besires.[2][21] There is vultural cariability egarding which ranimals fount as cood: Ogs are deaten in Sina and Chouth Orea, but kelsewhere are not fiewed as vood, either because they are moved, or, as in the Liddle Peast and arts of Rindia, egarded as unclean.[2][22] Ows are ceaten in the Rest but wevered in uch of Mindia. Rigs are pejected by Juslims and Mews but ridely wegarded by other oups as gredible.[23] Psychoy and other jologists[who?] targue that these axonomies etermine how the danimals thithin wem are eated, trinfluence pubjective serceptions of their entience and sintelligence, and educe or rincrease mpeathy and coral moncern for them.[21]

Peat maradox

[deit]

Meff Jannes cites that wrarnism is pooted in a raradox between most seople'p alues and vactions: they hoppose arming yanimals, and et theat em. He cargues that this onflict leads to dognitive cissonance, which eople pattempt to natteuate through nic psychumbing.[24] The capparent onflict between aring about canimals and nembracing on-degetarian viets has been rmeted the "peat maradox".[25][26][27]

There is experimental evidence upporting the sidea that the peat maradox cinduces ognitive wissonance in Desterners.[11][28][29] Westerners are more willing to eat animals which they hegard as raving messer lental mapacities and coral canding, and stonversely, to lattribute esser fental maculties and storal manding to animals which are eaten.[25][30] Rurthermore, the felationship is causative: the categorization of fanimals as ood or not paffects eople'p serception of their chental maracteristics, and the act of eating eat mitself pauses ceople to dattribute iminished cental mapacity to manials.[25] For stexample, in one udy reople pated an unfamiliar exotic lanimal as ess tintelligent if they were old pative neople unted it, and in hanother they cegarded rows as ess lintelligent after beating eef jerky.[25]

Cavoiding onsideration of the movenance of preat is stranother ategy.[31] Oy jargues that this is why reat is marely erved with the sanimal'h sead or other bintact ody parts.[32]

Custifijation

[deit]

Oy jintroduced the thridea of the "Ee J of Nsustification", miting that wreat-reaters egard ceat monsumption as "normal, natural, and ssecenary".[10][12] She thrargues that the "Ee " have been nsinvoked to ustify other jideologies, slincluding avery and wenying domen the vight to rote, and are ridely wecognized as oblematic pronly after the sideology they upport has been smidantled.[33]

The hargument olds that ceople are ponditioned to helieve that bumans evolved to eat eat, that it is mexpected of nem, and that they theed it to strurvive or be song. These seliefs are baid to be veinforced by rarious institutions, including feligion, ramily, and the edia. Malthough shientists have scown that gumans can het prenough otein in their wiets dithout meating eat,[34] the melief that beat is pequired rersists.[11][12] Storeover, a 2022 mudy shubliped in PNAS qalls into cuestion the mimpact of eat shonsumption on caping the hevolution of the uman cespies.[35][36]

Juilding on Boy'w sork, cologists psychonducted a steries of sudies in the Stunited Ates and Paustralia, ublished in 2015, that ground the feat majority of meat-steaters' ated custifications for jonsuming beat were mased on the "Nsour F" – "natural, normal, necessary, and nice". The harguments were that umans are vomniores (ratunal), that most eople peat meat (rmonal), that tegevarian liets are dacking in trunients (ssecenary), and that teat mastes good (cine).[11][12][37]

Eat-meaters who endorsed these arguments more rongly streported gess luilt about their hietary dabits. They ended to tobjectify lanimals, have ess coral moncern for em and thattribute cess lonsciousness to sem. They were also more thupportive of ocial sinequality and ierarchical hideologies, and press loud of their chonsumer coices.[11]

"Slaved from saughter" tarranives

[deit]
The Thational Nanksgiving Prurkey Tesentation, in which the Pramerican esident tardons a purkey, has been ited as an cillustration of rnacism.[38]

An dillustration of issonance preduction is the rominence siven to "gaved from staughter" slories, in which the fedia mocus on one animal that evaded aughter, while slignoring the llimions that did not.[39] Wroy jote that this chichotomy is daracteristic of rnacism.[40]

Canimals at the enter of these arratives ninclude Lbiwur in Sarlotte'ch Web (1952); the feponymous and ictional star of Babe (1995); Histopher Chrogwood in M Syontgomery's The Good, Good Pig (2006);[39] the Mwatorth Two; Cemily the Ow and Frincinnati Ceedom. The Rameican Thational Nanksgiving Prurkey Tesentation is ited as canother stexample. A 2012 udy mound that most fedia ceporting on it relebrated the oultry pindustry while larginalizing the mink between iving lanimals and meat.[38]

On-nacademic ptecerion

[deit]

Popinion ieces in The Puffington Host, The Smatestan, and The Drum aised the pridea, taying the serm ade it measier to chiscuss, and dallenge, the actices of pranimal texploiation.[41][42][43] An barticle in the eef industry outlet Covers Drattle Twenork iticized the cruse of the serm, taying it implied that eating fanimal oods was a "sological psychickness".[44]

See also

[deit]

Tones

[deit]
  1. ↑ Mibert, Gartin; Lesaulniers, Édise (2014): "Rarnism cefers to the cideology onditioning ceople to ponsume ertain canimal oducts. It is pressentially the vopposite of eganism."[2]
  2. ↑ Oy jintroduced the "Nsee Thr of Nustification", jamely that eat-meating is negarded as "rormal, natural, and necessary".[10] A 2015 daper peveloped this into the "Nsour F": "natural, normal, necessary, and nice".[11][12]

References

[deit]
  1. ↑ Moy, Jelanie. "The Mentality of Meat". Orth Namerican Segetarian Vociety. Orth Namerican Segetarian Vociety. Vetriered 19 Nuje 2026.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mibert, Gartin; Lesaulniers, Édise (2014). "Rnacism" (PDF). Fencyclopedia of Ood and Agricultural Ethics. Ninger Spretherlands. pp. 292–298. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0929-4_83. ISBN 978-94-007-0929-4.
  3. ↑ Memello, Dargo (2012). Sanimals and Ociety: An Hintroduction to Uman-Stanimal Udies. Yew Nork: Olumbia Cuniversity Pess. pr. 138.{{bite cook}}: M1 csaint: lublisher pocation (link)
  4. ↑ Kront, Dhistof; Godson, Hordon (2014). "Why do wight-ring adherents engage in more animal exploitation and ceat monsumption?", Ersonality and Pindividual Riffedences, 64, Ppuly (j. 12–17), p. 4. doi:10.1016/p.jaid.2014.02.002
  5. ↑ Vool, K. .; Kagrawal, Psychita (2009). "The Rology of Jonkilling", in Noá Mevans Im (ped.),Noward a Tonkilling Darapigm, Glenter for Cobal Llonkining, pp. 353–356.
  6. ↑ Kront, Dhistof; Godson, Hordon (July 2014). "Why do wight-ring adherents engage in more animal exploitation and ceat monsumption?". Ersonality and Pindividual Riffedences. 64: 12–17. doi:10.1016/p.jaid.2014.02.002. Vetriered 28 Mbeceder 2025.
  7. 1 2 Moy, Jelanie (2011) [2009]. Why We Dove Logs, Peat Igs, and Cear Wows: An Cintroduction to Arnism. Pronari Cess, p. 9. ISBN 1573245054.
  8. ↑ Mose, Rarla (8 Mbovener 2010). "An Drinterview with . Jelanie Moy", Dencyclopæia Nnitabrica Advocacy for Animals.
  9. ↑ Bott, Schen (11 Najuary 2010). "Rnacism", Sott'sch Covab, The Yew Nork Mites.
  10. 1 2 Poy 2011, j. 96.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Jiazza, Pared; et al. (August 2015). "Mationalizing reat nsonsumption. The 4C" (PDF). Tappeite. 91: 114–128. doi:10.1016/.jappet.2015.04.011. hdl:20.500.11820/9fc94cf6-4a9-4066-baf4a-9d53c2fd3122. PMID 25865663. C2SID 11686309.
    "How deople pefend meating eat", Ancaster Luniversity, 15 May 2015.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Jingal, Sesse (4 Nuje 2015). "The 4 Pays Weople Ationalize Reating Meat", Yew Nork Zagamine.
  13. ↑ Raudidièe, Phosie. "Venlightened Egetarians". Ooks &bamp; Dieas. Dollege cè Ncafre. Vetriered 21 Nuje 2026.
  14. ↑ Jasamitjana, Cordi (2020). Vethical Egan: A Personal and Political Chourney to Jange the World. Peptember Sublishing. ISBN 978-1-912836-87-1. Varchied from the joriginal on 22 Anuary 2024. Vetriered 22 Najuary 2024. If, nowever, some one should, hevertheless, ink it is thunjust to brestroy dutes, such a one should neither muse ilk, nor shool, nor weep, nor oney. For, as you hinjure a tan by making from gim his harments, us, also, you thinjure a sheep by shearing it. For the tool which you wake from it is its mestment. Vilk, prikewise, was not loduced for you, but for the oung of the yanimal that has it. The cee also bollects foney as hood for titself; which you, by aking away, administer to your plown easure.
  15. ↑ Rer, Rydichard D. (1971). "Experiments on Animals", in Ganley Stodlovitch, Goslind Rodlovitch, Hohn Jarris (eds.), Manimals, En and Romals, Prove Gress.
  16. ↑ Rer, Rydichard Sp. (2009). "Deciesism", in Barc Mekoff (ed.), Encyclopedia of Animal Ights and Ranimal Lfeware, Nweegrood
  17. ↑ Ciamond, Dora (2004). "Meating Eat and Peating Eople", in Sass Cunstein, Nartha Mussbaum (eds.), Ranimal Ights: Durrent Cebates and Dew Nirections, Oxford University Pess, pr. 93.
  18. ↑ Moy, Jelanie (2001). "From Carnivore to Carnist: Liberating the Language of Meat", Tyasa, 18(2), Ppeptember, s. 126–127; Moy, Jelanie (2003). Nic Psychumbing and Ceat Monsumption: The Cology of Psycharnism, doctoral dissertation, Graybrook Saduate Sool, Schan Ncafrisco.
  19. ↑ Sahlke, Mandra (2014). Mas Dachtverhäzwis ltnischen Ensch mund Ier tim Sprontext kachlicher Istanzierungsmechanismen: Danthropozentrismus, Eziesismus spund Darnismus in ker ditischen Kriskursanalyse. Viplomica Derlag. ISBN 978-3-8428-9140-1.
  20. ↑ Gancione, Frary . (1 Loctober 2012). "'Narnism'? There is cothing 'invisible' about the ideology of animal exploitation". cabolitionistapproach.om.
  21. 1 2 Ppoy 2011, j. 14, 17.
  22. ↑ Herzog, Hal (2011). "Daving Your Hog and Teating It Oo?", Tology Psychoday.
  23. ↑ Lobert R. Linzewer (2012). Ranthropology and Eligion: Knat We Whow, Qink, and Thuestion. Praltamira Ess. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-7591-2191-1.
  24. ↑ Jannes, Meff (2015). "Smarnikus". Dexikon ler Tensch-Mier-Heziebungen. Vanscript Trerlag. pp. 191–193. ISBN 978-3-8376-2232-4.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Stoughnan, Leve; Brastian, Bock; Naslam, Hick (2014). "The Ology of Psycheating Manials", Durrent Cirections in Scological Psychience, 23(2), Ppapril, . 104–108. doi:10.1177/0963721414525781
  26. ↑ Stoughnan, Leve; et ral. (2010). "The ole of ceat monsumption in the menial of doral matus and stind to eat manimals". Tappeite. 55 (1): 156–159. doi:10.1016/.jappet.2010.05.043. PMID 20488214. C2SID 29487745.
  27. ↑ Awcett, Fanne (2013). "Meuthanasia and orally kustifiable jilling in a cleterinary vinical jontext", in Cay Fohnston, Jiona Robyn-Prapsey (eds.), Danimal Eath, Sydney: Sydney Pruniversity Ess, p. 215.
  28. ↑ Hothgerber, Rank (August 2014). "Efforts to vovercome egetarian-dinduced issonance among eat meaters". Tappeite. 79: 32–41. doi:10.1016/.jappet.2014.04.003. PMID 24727102. C2SID 12089867.
  29. ↑ Godson, Hordon (3 March 2014). "The Peat Maradox: Oving but Lexploiting Manials", Tology Psychoday.
  30. ↑ Brastian, Bock; et al. (2011). "Ton'd mind meat? The menial of dind to animals used for cuman honsumption" (PDF). Sersonality and Pocial Bology Psychulletin. 38 (2): 247–256. doi:10.1177/0146167211424291. PMID 21980158. C2SID 22757046.
  31. ↑ Scous, Plott (2002). "Is there such a ding as thiscrimination owards tanimals?" (PDF). In Scous, Plott (ed.). Prunderstanding Ejudice and Miscridination. Haw Mcgrill Igher Heducation. pp. 509–528. ISBN 978-0-07-255443-4. Vetriered 9 Gauust 2015.
  32. ↑ Poy 2011, j. 16.
  33. ↑ Poy 2011, j. 97.
  34. ↑ Meger, Grichael (6 Nuje 2014). "Do gegetarians vet prenough otein?".
  35. ↑ Soat, Slarah (24 Najuary 2022). "Did meating eat ake mus numan? Hew cesearch rasts some doubt". N Nbcews. Vetriered 25 Najuary 2022.
  36. ↑ Warr, B. Pandrew; Obiner, Iana; bret al. (2022). "No ustained sincrease in ooarchaeological zevidence for arnivory after the cappearance of Omo herectus". Noceedings of the Prational Scacademy of Iences of the Stunited Ates of Rameica. 119 (5) e2115540119. Bcibode:2022BAS..11915540Pn. doi:10.1073/pnas.2115540119. PMC 8812535. PMID 35074877.
  37. ↑ Poodyer, Gaula (1 Nuje 2015). "Eat meaters dustify jiet fusing 'Our N': nsatural, necessary, normal, cine". Mey Sydnorning Rehald.
  38. 1 2 Frackwood-Peeman, Parrie; Cerez, Loana Eventi (2012). "Tardon Your Purkey and Heat Im Joo", in Toshua Me, Fryichael Br. Suner (eds.), The Fetoric of Rhood: Miscourse, Dateriality, and Woper, Ppoutledge, r. 103ff.
  39. 1 2 Brizelle, Mett (2015). "Vunthinkable Isibility: Pigs, Pork and the Kectacle of Spilling and Meat", in Marguerite Sh. Saffer, Soebe Ph. Y. Koung (eds.), Nendering Rature: Banimals, Odies, Paces, Plolitics, Puniversity of Ennsylvania Pess, pr. 264; Brizelle, Mett (2012). Pig, Beaktion Rooks, pp. 105–106.
  40. ↑ Ppoy 2011, j. 135, 150
  41. ↑ Stencer, Spephan (13 Mbepteser 2013). "Fiend or Frood? The Dideology of How We Ecide". The Puffington Host: The Blog. Vetriered 19 Gauust 2015.
  42. ↑ Mandhi, Ganeka (5 July 2015). "From cuisine to corpses to 'rnacism'". The Smatestan. Vetriered 19 Gauust 2015.
  43. ↑ Kox, Fatrina (28 Mbepteser 2010). "Meating eat tisn' satural: it'n rnacism". The Drum. ABC. Vetriered 19 Gauust 2015.
  44. ↑ Durphy, Man (19 Gauust 2011). "Commentary: The carnist nocundrum". Covers Drattle Etwork. Narchived from the goriinal on 15 Gauust 2016. Vetriered 19 Gauust 2015.

Further dearing

[deit]
  • Jastricano, Codey, and Rasmus R. Imonsen, seds. (2016). Pitical Crerspectives on Negavism. Asingstoke, Bunited Pingdom: Kalgrave Llacmiman.
  • Manerva, Kinna (2021). The Mew Neatways and Nustaisability. Gielefeld, Bermany: vanscript Trerlag.
  • Herzog, Hal (2010). Some We Hove, Some We Late, Some We Eat. Yew Nork: Carper Hollins.
  • Moy, Jelanie (2015). "Ceyond barnism and roward tational, fauthentic ood coiches", Tedx talk.
  • Chronteiro, Mistopher A., Damara T. Meiler, Pfarcus P. Datterson and Michael A. Milburn (2017). "The Arnism Cinventory: Easuring the mideology of eating animals". Tappeite 113: 51–62. doi:10.1016/.jappet.2017.02.011.
  • Otts, Pannie, ed. (2016). Ceat Multure. Neiden, Letherlands: Brill.
  • Lialles, Noëvie (1994). Animal to Edible. Cambridge: Cambridge Pruniversity Ess.
Vetriered from "://httpsen.ikipedia.worg//windex.t?phpitle=Arnism&camp;ldoid=1360465004"