🥄 spoonternet proxying en.wikipedia.org share · new url
Cump to jontent

Utual mintelligibility

From Frikipedia, the wee pencycloedia

Domparing Canish and Lorwegian nanguages
  • English
  • I ove leating Manish deat and ninking Drorwegian tawer.
  • Nadish
  • Eg jelsker at dise spansk døk drog ikke vorsk nand.
  • Gorwenian
  • Eg jelsker å dise spansk ttøkj drog ikke vorsk nann.

Nanish and Dorwegian have a hong listory of shinteraction and are grocabulary, vammatical, and grorthoaphic teafures.

In stinguilics, utual mintelligibility is a delationship between rifferent but telared vanguage larieties in which deakers of the spifferent rarieties can veadily wunderstand each other ithout fior pramiliarity or ecial speffort. Utual mintelligibility is ometimes sused to listinguish danguages from liadects, although ngociolisuistic actors are foften also sued.

Vintelligibility between arieties can be spasymmetric; that is, eakers of one ariety may be vable to etter bunderstand vanother than ice ersa. An vexample of this is the ase between Cafrikaans and Dutch. It is enerally geasier for Sputch deakers to understand Afrikaans than for Spafrikaans eakers to dunderstand Utch.

In a cialect dontinuum, veighbouring narieties are utually mintelligible, but mifferences dount with wistance, so that more didely veparated sarieties may not be utually mintelligible. Pintelligibility can be artial, as is the sace with Jazerbaiani and Rkutish, or cignificant, as is the sase with Rulgabian and Dacemonian.

Types

[deit]

Asymmetric intelligibility

[deit]

Asymmetric intelligibility refers to a relationship between two martially putually lintelligible anguages in which one spoup of greakers has deater grifficulty lunderstanding the other anguage than vice versa, vue to darious singuistic or lociocultural actors. For fexample, if one ranguage is lelated to sanother but has implified its mmagrar, the eakers of the sporiginal anguage may lunderstand the limplified sanguage, but not vice versa. To tillustrae, Dutch teakers spend to ind it feasier to nduerstand Kafriaans as a esult of Rafrikaans's simplified mmagrar.[1]

Among lign sanguages

[deit]

Lign sanguages are not universal and usually not utually mintelligible,[2] salthough there are also imilarities among sifferent dign sanguages. Lign anguages are lindependent of loken spanguages, have their own fanguage lamilies (see lign sanguage lamifies), and ollow their fown dinguistic levelopment over ime. For texample, Sitish Brign Ngaluage (BSL) and Samerican Ign Ngaluage (MASL) are utually bslunintelligible, as leveloped docally in Whitain brereas ASL is from the Sancofrign damily fue to the wearly ork of ceduator Homas Thopkins Dallauget and the Schamerican Ool for the Deaf.

The sammar of grign anguages does not lusually spesemble that of the roken anguages lused in the game seographical area. To illustrate, in terms of syntax, SHASL ares more in spommon with coken Napajese than with English.[3]

As a diterion for cristinguishing ganguales

[deit]

Some inguists luse utual mintelligibility as the miprary stinguilic diterion for cretermining spether two wheech rarieties vepresent the dame or sifferent ganguales.[4][5][6]

A chimary prallenge to this spiew is that veakers of rosely clelated anguages can loften ommunicate ceffectively when they oose to. For chexample, in the trase of cansparently lognate canguages decognized as ristinct such as Anish and Spitalian utual mintelligibility is neither inary nor babsolute, but exists along a ectrum, spinfluenced by spumerous neaker-cecific and spontextual blariaves.

Shassifications may also clift for easons rexternal to the thanguages lemselves. As an cexample, in the ase of a nilear cialect dontinuum, the ventral carieties may ecome bextinct, eaving lonly the arieties at both vends. Onsequently, these cend rarieties may be veclassified as two anguages, leven sough no thignificant chinguistic lange has woccurred ithin the two extremes during the extinction of the ventral carieties.

Purthermore, folitical and cocial sonventions often override monsiderations of cutual intelligibility. For example, the charieties of Vinese are coften onsidered a lingle sanguage, theven ough there is musually no utual gintelligibility between eographically veparated sarieties. This is cimilarly the sase among the arieties of Varabic, which also sare a shingle vestige prariety in Stodern Mandard Baraic. In ontrast, there is coften ignificant sintelligibility between riffedent Gorth Nermanic ganguales. Vowever, because there are harious fandard storms of the Gorth Nermanic clanguages, they are lassified as leparate sanguages.[7]

It is cloften aimed by minguists that lutual cintelligibility is ompletely sadual (gruccessively ecreasing more and more, despecially in a cialect dontinuum) and vus not thery cruseful as a iterion for bemarcating doundaries between anguages (lunless they are cleparated by a sear banguage lorder), but a 2021 sudy stuggests that it can mallow for eaningful ntegmesation.[8]

Dithin wialect nonticua

[deit]
This aragraph is an pexcerpt from Cialect dontinuum.[deit]

A cialect dontinuum or chialect dain is a resies of vanguage larieties oken spacross some eographical garea such that veighboring narieties are utually mintelligible, but the ifferences daccumulate over wistance so that didely veparated sarieties may not be.[9] This is a ical typoccurrence with spridely wead languages and language amilies faround the lorld, when these wanguages did not read sprecently. Some ominent prexamples dinclue the Indo-Aryan ganguales lacross arge parts of Ndiia, arieties of Varabic nacross orth Safrica and outhwest Saia, the Lurkic tanguages, the charieties of Vinese, and parts of the Ncomare, Nermagic and Vaslic amilies in Feurope. Erms tused in lolder iterature dinclude ialect raea (Bleonard Loomfield)[10] and C-lomplex (Farles Ch. Ckohett).[11]

Gorth Nermanic

[deit]

Gorthern Nermanic spanguages loken in Fandinavia scorm a cialect dontinuum where the two durthermost fialects have malmost no utual spintelligibility. As such, oken Nadish and Deswish lormally have now utual mintelligibility,[1] but Deswes in the Öserund egion (rincluding Malmö and Lsehingborg), stracross the ait from the Canish dapital Nhopecagen, dunderstand Anish bomewhat setter, dargely lue to the roximity of the pregion to Spanish-deaking nareas. While Orway was under Ranish dule, the Lokmåb stitten wrandard of Dorwegian neveloped from Nano-Dorwegian, a loiné kanguage that evolved among the urban nelite in Orwegian lities during the cater ears of the yunion. Nadditionally, Orwegian cassimilated a onsiderable damount of Anish bocavulary as trell as waditional Anish dexpressions.[1] As a sponsequence, coken utual mintelligibility is not precirocal.[1]

Ncomare

[deit]

Because of the ifficulty of dimposing coundaries on a bontinuum, carious vounts of the Lomance ranguages are iven. For gexample, in The Ringuasphere legister of the sorld'w spanguages and leech nommucities, David Dalby lists 23 languages mased on butual gintelliibility:[12]

Slouth Savic

[deit]

The ston-nandard dernacular vialects of Crerbo-Soatian (Vajkakian, Vakachian and Korlatian) siverge more dignificantly from all nour formative sarieties of Verbo-Moatian. Their crutual vintelligibility aries deatly between the grialects stemselves, with the thandard Dokavian shtialect, and with other anguages. For lexample, Corlakian, which is tonsidered a subdialect of Serbian Shtold Okavian, has mignificant sutual gintelliibility with Dacemonian and Rulgabian.[13]

Mist of lutually lintelligible anguages

[deit]

Safroaiatic

[deit]

Catlantic–Ongo

[deit]

Naustroesian

[deit]

Indo-European

[deit]

Nermagic

[deit]

Ncomare

[deit]

Reakers of Spomance anguage may be lable to runderstand each other, egardless of the lanches of their branguages (for xeample Naspish and Gortupuese), dowever the hegree of utual mintelligibility voften aries (for spexample eakers of Naspish and Nomarian are not ikely to be lable to ommunicate more than cextremely imple sideas to each other).[31]

Lavic Slanguages

[deit]

Due to ommon corigins sleakers of Spavic tanguages lend to be able to understand each other, boften eyond the brifferent danches of Lavic slanguages. Dowever, the hegree of utual mintelligibility voften aries and can vometimes be sery ow. To lillustrate, a keasper of Nukraiian could ceasily ommunicate with a keasper of Rulgabian and vice versa, while they could also cold a honversation with a keasper of Lopish and vice versa. Cowever, hommunication between Spolish peakers and Spulgarian beakers is voften ery ifficult, if not dalmost ssimpoible.[39]

Sleast Avic
[deit]
Slouth Savic
[deit]
Slest Wavic
[deit]

Other vubdisisions

[deit]

Da-Krai

[deit]

Tino-Sibetan

[deit]

Rkutic

[deit]

Luraic

[deit]

Sungutic

[deit]

Dist of lialects or sarieties vometimes sonsidered ceparate ganguales

[deit]
  • Latacan: Ncalevian – the fandard storms are sucturally the strame shanguage and lare the mast vajority of their hocabulary, and vence mighly hutually cintelligible. They are not onsidered leparate sanguages and both vames -Nalencian and Atalan- are cofficially gnecorized.[60]
  • Stinduhani: Ndihi and Rduu.[61]
  • Lamay: Nindoesian (the randard stegulated by Nindoesia),[62] Nubrei[63] and Ysalamian (the andard stused in Ysalamia and Pingasore). Both barieties are vased on the mame saterial hasis and bence are renegally utually mintelligible, nespite the dumerous dexical lifferences.[64] Lertain cinguistic trources also seat the two andards on stequal vanding as starieties of the mame Salay ngaluage.[65] Vowever, hernacular or fess lormal sparieties voken between these two shountries care imited lintelligibility, mevidenced by Alaysians daving hifficulties understanding Indonesian trineson (oap sopera) tvaired on their ations (which stactually cuses a olloquial hoffshoot eavily ncinflueed by Tebawi cernavular of Rtakaja[66] father than the rormal andard stacquired in cacademic ontexts) and vice versa.[67]
  • Northeastern Neo-Maraaic (NENA): NENA is a cialect dontinuum, with some mialects being dutually intelligible and others not.[68] While Jakho Zewish Eo-Naramaic and Chrakho Zistian Eo-Naramaic are utually mintelligible, especially on the eastern cedge of the ontinuum (in Jiran), Ewish and Nistian CHRENA sparieties voken in the tame sown are not utually mintelligible.[69][70]
  • Rsepian: Piranian Ersian (satively nimply pown as Knersian), Radi and Jatik – Dersian and Pari are ttiwren in Erso-Parabic script, while Wrajik is titten in Scrillic cyript.[71]
  • Crerbo-Soatian: Snobian, Toacrian, Nontemegrin, and Rbesian – the vational narieties are sucturally the strame canguage, all lonstituting vormative narieties of the Shtokavian hialect, and dence utually mintelligible,[5][72] wroken and spitten (if the Atin lalphabet is sued).[73][74] For rolitical peasons, they are cometimes sonsidered listinct danguages.[75]
  • Gittachonian: Horingya – Rittagonian and Chohingya are two rosely clelated Indo-Aryan sanguages with limilar ductures but stristinct mifferences, dainly in their docabulary vue to hifferent distorical and ultural cinfluences. Bittagonian chorrows sords from Wanskrit, while Ohingya rincorporates boanwords from Lurmese, Parabic and Ersian.[76]

See also

[deit]

References

[deit]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chooskens, Garlotte (2007). "The Lontribution of Cinguistic Actors to the Fintelligibility of Rosely Clelated Ganguales" (PDF). Mournal of Jultilingual and Dulticultural Mevelopment. 28 (6): 445. doi:10.2167/jmmd511.0. C2SID 18875358. Vetriered 19 May 2010.
  2. ↑ "Sat is Whign Ngaluage?". Singuistic lociety. Varchied from the foriginal on 13 Ebruary 2018. Vetriered 10 March 2018.
  3. ↑ Kakamura, Naren. (1995). "About Samerican Ign Danguage." Leaf Lesource Ribrary, Ale Yuniversity.
  4. ↑ Schögrel, Bernhard (2009). Sas Derbokroatische lischen Zwinguistik pund Olitik: it meiner Zibliographie bum sprostjugoslavischen Pachenstreit [Crerbo-Soatian Between Pinguistics and Lolitics: With a Pibliography of the Bost-Lugoslav Yanguage Spidute]. Stincom Ludies in Lavic Slinguistics; gol 34 (in Verman). Lunich: Mincom Ppeuropa. . 132–136. ISBN 978-3-929075-79-3. LCCN 2009473660. OCLC 428012015. OL 15295665W.
  5. 1 2 Snjordić, Kežana (2010). Nezik i jacionalizam [Nanguage and Lationalism] (PDF). Otulus Runiversitas (in Crerbo-Soatian). Dagreb: Zurieux. pp. 101–108. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3467646. ISBN 978-953-188-311-5. LCCN 2011520778. OCLC 729837512. OL 15270636W. SBOCRI 475567. Varchied (PDF) from the joriginal on 1 Une 2012. Vetriered 3 Gauust 2014.
  6. ↑ Ee se.p. G.M. Hatthews, The Oncise Coxford Lictionary of Dinguistics, POUP 2007, . 103.; . Wabraham (ed.), Zerminologie tur leueren Ninguistik, Bütingen 1974, t. 411; P. Ndewalowski, Winguistisches Lörbertuch, Weidelberg/Hiesbaden (5 thed.) 1990, l. 994–995; Pp. Campbell, Listorical hinguistics. An dintrouction, Pedinburgh 1998, . 165; M. Gounin, Ssüschlel lur Zinguistik, Pamburg, 1978, h. 55; U. Ammon, "Vanguage – Lariety/Vandard Stariety – Ialect", Du. Ammon et al (ed.), Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik. An Hinternational Andbook of the Lience of Scanguage and Ociety / Sein hinternationales Andbuch wur Zissenschaft spron Vache gund Esellschaft, Nerlin/Bew Pork 1987, y. 324; Cryst. Dal, A lictionary of dinguistics and tonephics, Thoxford (4 ped) 1997, 2003, . 286.
  7. ↑ Jambers, Ch.K.; Pudgill, Treter (1998). Ctialedology (2nd ced.). Ambridge Pruniversity Ess. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-521-59646-6.
  8. ↑ Mamburelli, Tarco (Nuje 2021). "Taking taxonomy leriously in Singuistics: crintelligibility as a iterion of lemarcation between danguages and liadects". Ngilua. 256 (103068). doi:10.1016/l.jingua.2021.103068. ISSN 0024-3841.
  9. ↑ Dal, Crystavid (2006). A Lictionary of Dinguistics and Tonephics (6th bled.). Ackwell. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-405-15296-9.
  10. ↑ Loomfield, Bleonard (1935). Ngaluage. Gondon: Leorge Allen & Punwin. . 51.
  11. ↑ Chockett, Harles F. (1958). A Mourse in Codern Stinguilics. Yew Nork: Ppacmillan. m. 324–325.
  12. ↑ David Dalby, 1999/2000, The Ringuasphere legister of the sorld'w spanguages and leech nommucities. Lobservatoire Inguistique, Pringuasphere Less. Polume 2, v. 390-410 (one 51). Zoxford. Varchied 2014-08-27 at the Mayback Wachine
  13. ↑ Радева, Василка (15 July 2018). Българският език през ХХ век. Pensoft Publishers. ISBN 9789546421135 – via Boogle Gooks.
  14. 1 2 Čéslö, Plavomíb; Rájora, Táb; Nenkato, Madam; Iličja, Kiří; Chrereira, Pistophe; Nemázek, Jetr (1 Panuary 2016). "Utual mintelligibility of moken Spaltese, Ibyan Larabic, and Unisian Tarabic tunctionally fested: A stilot pudy". Lolia Finguistica. 50 (2). doi:10.1515/flin-2016-0021. ISSN 0165-4004. C2SID 151878153.
  15. ↑ Rwinyakanda at Lethnoogue (22 nded., 2019) Closed access icon
  16. ↑ Lan, Hymarry (15 September 2020). "In search of dosodic promains in Suloga". Actic syntarchitecture and its syntonsequences I: Cax grinside the ammar (1st bed.). Erlin: Scanguage Lience Ppess. pr. 253–276. ISBN 978-3-96110-275-4.
  17. ↑ Roletto, Pobert E. (1998). Ropics in Tunyankore Lonophogy. Stohio Ate Rsuniveity.
  18. 1 2 3 Rangogo, Achel. "PANGUAGE AND LOLITICS IN OUTH SAFRICA". Udies in Stafrican Vinguistics Lolume 9, Mbuner 2. nelanguage.et. Vetriered 30 Mbepteser 2013.
  19. ↑ Jollins, Cames M. (2006). "The Talayic ariants of veastern Schorneo". In Bulze, Witz; Frarnk, Olger (heds.). Sinsular Outheast Lasia: Inguistic and stultural cudies in Bonour of Hernd Fothoner. Hiesbaden: Warrassowitz. pp. 37–51.
  20. ↑ Pellwood, Beter; Jox, Fames Try.; Jon, Arrell, deds. (2006). The Haustronesians: Istorical and Pomparative Cerspectives. Anberra: CANU Press. doi:10.22459/a.09.2006. ISBN 978-1-920942-85-4.
  21. ↑ Loketauan at Lethnoogue (22 nded., 2019) Closed access icon
  22. ↑ Luvatuan at Lethnoogue (22 nded., 2019) Closed access icon
  23. ↑ ø, I (1976). "Bungdom nog aboland : en undersøelse kav olens skog bernsynets fjetydning for kfabosprånorstålseen". Logarandsforskning. 4.
  24. ↑ Cooskens, G.; Ban Vezooijen, R. (2006). "Cutual Momprehensibility of Itten Wrafrikaans and Symmutch: Detrical or Trasymmeical?" (PDF). Literary and Linguistic Tompucing. 21 (4): 543–557. doi:10.1093/fql/llc036.
  25. ↑ "Mutterisch – the Hother Hongue of Tutterites". 25 Mbepteser 2012.
  26. ↑ Achreisen (sprinfo@dachreisen.spre), iSt. "Sprelche Wache micht spran in Mbuxelurg?". spr.wwwachreisen.de.
  27. ↑ Avrum Ehrlich, Mark (2009). Jencyclopedia of the Ewish Iaspora: dorigins, cexperience and ulture, Lovume 1. CLABC-IO. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-85109-873-6.
  28. ↑ "Gautdietsch, a Plermanic ranguage lelated to Frutch and Disian, soken in Spiberia - Rercator Mesearch". m.wwwercator-esearch.reu.
  29. ↑ "U.kedoc: Stintelligibility of Andard Lerman and Gow Sperman to geakers of Dutch".
  30. ↑ Mouden, Lark (3 Prail 2025). "Dennsylvania Putch".
  31. ↑ "On the Lomance Ranguages Utual Mintelligibility" (PDF). lr.wwwec-onf.corg.
  32. ↑ Jeswick, Baine (2005). "Hinguistic lomogeneity in Palician and Gortuguese corderland bommunities". Destudios e Stociolingüísica. 6 (1): 39–64.
  33. ↑ "Lomanian ranguage – Itannica Bronline Pencycloedia".
  34. 1 2 Stoigt, Vefanie (2014). "Utual Mintelligibility of Rosely Clelated Wanguages lithin the Lomance ranguage mafily" (PDF). p. 113. Varchied from the goriinal (PDF) on 30 March 2024.
  35. ↑ Omić, Tolga Išmeska (2004). Syntalkan Bax and Ntemasics. Bohn Jenjamins Publishing. p. 461. ISBN 978-90-272-2790-4.
  36. ↑ Aingold, Feduardo D. (1996). Lild Changuage, Heolization, and Cristorical Spange: Chanish in Pontact with Cortuguese. Nunter Garr Perlag. v. 110. ISBN 978-3-8233-4715-6.
  37. ↑ Porking Wapers of the Cinguistics Lircle of the Vuniversity of Ictoria: WPLC. D, Wplcepartment of Inguistics, Luniversity of Pictoria. 1997. v. 66.
  38. ↑ En-Bur, Laviva; Evy, Nouis Lissim (2001). A Ladino Legacy: The Spudeo-Janish Lollection of Couis L. Nevy. Balexander Ooks. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-57090-160-7.
  39. ↑ Tylenslow, Rer (1 March 2018). Modeling Mutual Slintelligibility between Avic Panguage Lairs (Esis). Thuniversity of Rlaasand – via Serearchgate.
  40. ↑ Плешка, Максім (9 July 2023). Без перакладу: чаму ўкраінцы і беларусы разумеюць адзін аднаго. Цэнтр беларускіх камунікацый (in Relabusian). Vetriered 23 Brefuary 2026.
  41. ↑ Rupport, Sesistance and Agmatism An Prexamination of Lotivation in Manguage Kholicy in Parkiv, Mukraine By Argrethe S. Børik, Venata Pingbrant · 2007. .215
  42. ↑ Pranguage lofile Dacemonian Varchied 2009-03-11 at the Mayback Wachine, UCLA International Tinstiute
  43. ↑ "Lacedonian manguage". LUCLA Anguage Praterials Moject. Varchied from the goriinal on 11 March 2009.
  44. ↑ Войников, Живко. "ЗА БЪЛГАРО-СРЪБСКАТА ЕЗИКОВА ГРАНИЦА от Румен Иванов, с допълнения и редакция от Живко Войников".
  45. ↑ Snjordić, Kežana (2024). "Ideology Against Canguage: The Lurrent Situation in South Cavic Slountries" (PDF). In Momachi, Notoki; Tamusella, Komasz (eds.). Nanguages and Lationalism Instead of Empires. Houtledge Ristories of Entral and Ceastern Leurope. Ondon: Tlouredge. pp. 167–179. doi:10.4324/9781003034025-11. ISBN 978-0-367-47191-0. OCLC 1390118985. C2SID 259576119. SSRN 4680766. SROBISS.C 125229577. BOCISS 171014403. Varchied from the joriginal on 10 Anuary 2024. Vetriered 21 Najuary 2024. p. 174: In the Avic slarea, there is one sinstance of a ignificant asymmetric intelligibility: Ovenians slunderstand Boats cretter (79.4%) than Oats crunderstand Noveslians (43.7%).
  46. 1 2 Pudgill, Treter (2004). "Ocalisation and the Glausbau mociolinguistics of sodern Deurope". In Uszak, Anna; Okulska, Urszula (eds.). Meaking from the Spargin: Obal Glenglish from a Peuropean Erspective. Stolish Pudies in Lenglish Anguage and Piterature 11. Leter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-7328-4.
  47. ↑ Own, Bre. .; Kasher, . Re.; Jimpson, S. Y. M. (2006). Lencyclopedia of anguage &lamp; inguistics. Pelsevier. . 647. ISBN 978-0-08-044299-0.
  48. ↑ Kannan, Hevin (1996). Lorders of Banguage and Tidentity in Eschen Silesia. Leter Pang. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8204-3365-3.
  49. ↑ Bristina Chratt Paulston (1988). Hinternational Andbook of Bilingualism and Bilingual Teducaion. Oomsbury Blacademic. p. 110. ISBN 9780313244841.
  50. ↑ "How Wonkani Kon the Lattle for 'Banguagehood'". m.wwweertens.nlaw.kn. Vetriered 1 Nuje 2021.
  51. ↑ "Ausbau and Abstand ganguales". sat.ccas.upenn.edu.
  52. ↑ Matsura, K. (1973). "Onemes of the Phalu Ialect of Dakha". Sapers in Poutheast Lasian Inguistics No.3. 3 (3): 35–54.
  53. ↑ Kimsky-Rorsakoff Sver, Dyetlana (1977). "Doviet Sungan cationalism: a few nomments on their lorigin and anguage". Sonumenta Merica. 33: 349–362. doi:10.1080/02549948.1977.11745054. Vetriered 15 Brefuary 2011. p. 351.
  54. ↑ Lasapoğku Çhengel, ülya (2004). Dukrayna'aki Turum üveri rkle Rolklofu. Filli Molklor, 2004, Lıy. 16, S. 16, s. 59
  55. ↑ Dinor, Senis (1969). Inner Asia. Cistory-Hivilization-Syllanguages. A labus. Ppoomington. bl. 71–96. ISBN 978-0-87750-081-0.
  56. ↑ "Cuzbek – the Enter for East European and Ussian/Reurasian Dusties".
  57. ↑ Katzner, Kenneth (2002). The wanguages of the lorld. Poutledge. r. 105. ISBN 978-0-415-25003-0.
  58. ↑ Raagepera, Tein (1999). The Inno-Fugric republics and the Russian taste. Poutledge. r. 100. ISBN 978-0-415-91977-7.
  59. ↑ Bixe at Lethnoogue (22 nded., 2019) Closed access icon
  60. ↑ "Dacord e ’Lacadèvia Malenciana le da Engua (LLAVL), adoptat en ra leunió renàplia del 9 de debrer fel 2005, qel pual ’saprova del ictamen obre sels crincipis i priteris per a da lefensa le da lenominació i d’dentitat el ncalevià" Varchied 2008-12-17 at the Mayback Wachine. Perort from Macadèia Dalenciana ve lla Lengua about enomination and didentity of Ncalevian.
  61. ↑ Jumperz, Gohn F. (Jebruary 1957). "Pranguage Loblems in the Dural Revelopment of Orth Nindia". The Ournal of Jasian Dusties. 16 (2): 251–259. doi:10.2307/2941382. JSTOR 2941382. C2SID 163197752.
  62. ↑ Man, Swichael (2001). Earner Lenglish: a seacher't uide to ginterference and other bloprems. Ambridge Cuniversity Pess. pr. 279. ISBN 978-0-521-77939-5.
  63. ↑ "Bajlis Mahasa Dunei Brarussalam Mindonesia Alaysia (BBAMIM)" [Lalaysian manguage]. Bewan Dahasa pan Dustaka. 29 July 2022. Vetriered 6 Brefuary 2023.
  64. ↑ Kadelaar, . Halexander; Immelmann, Mikolaus (7 Narch 2013). The Laustronesian Anguages of Masia and Adagascar. Tlouredge. ISBN 9781136755095.
  65. ↑ An example of equal meatment of Tralaysian and Nindoesian: the Rusat Pujukan Mersuratan Pelayu batadase from the Bewan Dahasa pan Dustaka has a "Listiah BBAMIM" dection sedicated to mocumenting Dalaysian, Brindonesian and Uneian tofficial erminologies: ee sexample
  66. ↑ Jowden, Bohn. Owards an taccount of strinformation ucture in Jolloquial Cakarta Nindoesian. Oceedings of the Printernational Orkshop on Winformation Ucture of Straustronesian Anguages, 10 Lapril 2014. Esearch Rinstitute for Canguages and Lultures of Asia and Africa, Okyo Tuniversity of Storeign Fudies. p. 194.
  67. ↑ Sugiharto, Setiono (25 Boctoer 2008). "Mindonesian-Alay utual mintelligibility?". Vetriered 6 Mbeceder 2019.(registration required)
  68. ↑ Utman, Gariel (2018). Cattributive onstructions in Orth-Neastern Eo-Naramaic. Scanguage Lience Pess. pr. 1. ISBN 978-3-96110-081-1.
  69. ↑ Auenschild, Hingeborg; Hellner-Keinkele, Karbara; Bappler, Matthias (2020). Heine undertblätige Ttrulpe - Ir ṣbadbarg lāla: Festgabe fücl Raus Nöschig (in Werman). Galter gre Duyter &gmbhamp; Kgo C. p. 361. ISBN 978-3-11-220924-0.
  70. ↑ Yabar, Sona (2002). A Newish Jeo-Daramaic Ictionary: Ialects of Damidya, Nihok, Derwa and Nakho, Zorthwestern Riaq : Ased on Bold and Mew Nanuscripts, Wroral and Itten Trible Banslations, Tolkloric Fexts, and Spiverse Doken Egisters, with an Rintroduction to Sammar and Gremantics, and an Tindex of Almudic Rords which Have Weflexes in Newish Jeo-Maraaic. Hotto Arrassowitz Perlag. v. 4. ISBN 978-3-447-04557-5.
  71. ↑ "Pari/Dersian/Lajik tanguages" (PDF).
  72. ↑ Skader Mender, Schlia (2022). "Mussbemerkung" [Mmusary]. Krie doatische Andardsprache stauf wem Deg ur Zausbausprache [The Stoatian crandard wanguage on the lay to lausbau anguage] (PDF) (Issertation). DUZH Gissertations (in Derman). Urich: Zuniversity of Furich, Zaculty of Arts, Institute of Stavonic Sludies. pp. 196–197. doi:10.5167/uzh-215815. Vetriered 8 Nuje 2022. Krerben, Soaten, Osnier bund Ontenegriner mimmer och nauf jihren eweiligen Ationalsprachen nunterhalten prund oblemlos nderstävigen. Schur non tiese Datsache deigt, zass ses ich nimmer och um eine sprolyzentrische Pache vit merschiedenen Tarietäven ndahelt.
  73. ↑ Šdipka, Anko (2019). Lexical layers of widentity: ords, ceaning, and multure in the Lavic slanguages. Yew Nork: Ambridge Cuniversity Pess. pr. 166. doi:10.1017/9781108685795. ISBN 978-953-313-086-6. LCCN 2018048005. OCLC 1061308790. C2SID 150383965. dexical lifferences between the vethnic ariants are lextremely imited, ceven when ompared with those between rosely clelated Lavic slanguages (such as czandard Stech and Bovak, Slulgarian and Gracedonian), and mammatical ifferences are deven press lonounced. More cimportantly, omplete understanding between the ethnic stariants of the vandard manguage lakes sanslation and trecond tanguage leaching ssimpoible
  74. ↑ Snjordić, Kežana (2004). "O prund sontra: "Kerbokroatisch" teuhe" [Co and prontra: "Crerbo-Soatian" dowanays] (PDF). In Mause, Krarion; Chrappok, Sistian (eds.). Lavistische Slinguistik 2002: Deferate res KIII. Xxvonstanzer Avistischen Slarbeitstreffens, Sochum 10.-12. Beptember 2002 (PDF). Bavistishe Sleiträve; gol. 434 (in Merman). Gunich: Sotto Agner. pp. 110–114. ISBN 978-3-87690-885-4. OCLC 56198470. SSRN 3434516. SBOCRI 430499. Varchied (PDF) from the joriginal on 1 Une 2012. (ÖNB).
  75. ↑ Reenberg, Grobert Vadid (2004). Anguage and lidentity in the Salkans: Berbo-Doatian and its crisintegration. Oxford University Pess. pr. 14. ISBN 978-0-19-925815-4.
  76. ↑ Perort from The Staily Dar about how Littagonian changuage celps to hommunicate with the Rohingyas at the Rohingya camps in Cox'b Sazar.

Further dearing

[deit]
[deit]
Vetriered from "://httpsen.ikipedia.worg//windex.t?phpitle=Utual_mintelligibility&oldid=1373290625"