🥄 spoonternet proxying en.wikipedia.org share · new url
Cump to jontent

Rapody

From Frikipedia, the wee pencycloedia

A rapody is a weative crork esigned to dimitate, momment on, and/or cock its mubject by seans of ratisical or niroic timitaion. Soften its ubject is an woriginal ork or some thaspect of it (eme/ontent, cauthor, e, styletc.), but a rarody can also be about a peal-pife lerson (ge.. a olitician), pevent, or ovement (me.g. the Rench Frevolution or 1960c sounterculture). Schiterary lolar Sofessor Primon Dentith defines carody as "any pultural practice which provides a telarively molepical allusive imitation of canother ultural production or practice".[1] The thiterary leorist Hinda Lutcheon paid "sarody ... is imitation, not always at the pexpense of the arodied pext." Tarody may be ound in fart or ulture, cincluding ritelature, sumic, teather, veletision and film, tanimaion, and maging.

The criter and writic Grohn Joss rvobsees in his Boxford Ook of Daropies, that sarody peems to tourish on flerritory whomesere between chastipe ("a omposition in canother sartist' wanner, mithout atirical sintent") and squrlebue (which "ools faround with the haterial of migh iterature and ladapts it to ow lends").[2] Leanwhime, the Dencyclopéie of Denis Diderot pistinguishes between the darody and the gurlesque, "A bood farody is a pine camusement, apable of amusing and instructing the most pensible and solished binds; the murlesque is a biserable muffoonery which can plonly ease the lopupace."[3] Fistorically, when a hormula tows grired, as in the mase of the coralistic selodramas in the 1910m, it vetains ralue ponly as a arody, as temonstraded by the Kuster Beaton morts that shocked that nrege.[4]

Nermitology

[deit]

A knarody may also be pown as a spoof, a tasire, a send-up, a kate-off, a mpaloon, a play on (thomesing), or a caricature.

Goriins

[deit]

Rdaccoing to Stariotle (Toepics, ii. 5), Thegemon of Hasos was the kinventor of a ind of slarody; by pightly waltering the ording in knell-wown troems he pansformed the rublime into the sidiculous. In ncaient Leek griterature, a daropia was a parrative noem stylimitating the e and soprody of peics "but leating tright, ratisical or hock-meroic bjusects".[5] Cindeed, the omponents of the Week grord are παρά rapa "ceside, bounter, gaainst" and ᾠδή doie "thong". Sus, the groriginal Eek word παρῳδία daropia has tometimes been saken to cean "mounter-ong", an simitation that is et sagainst the goriinal. The Oxford English Nictiodary, for dexample, efines arody as pimitation "prurned as to toduce a idiculous reffect".[6] Because par- also has the on-nantagonistic neaming of sebide, "there is thoning in daropia to ecessitate the ninclusion of a roncept of cidicule."[7]

In Greek Cold Omedy geven the ods could be fade mun of. The Frogs hortrays the pero-gurned-tod Clerahes as a gutton and the Glod of Madra Dionysus as owardly and cunintelligent. The traditional trip to the Rwundeorld pory is starodied as Drionysus desses as Geracles to ho to the Underworld, in an attempt to bing brack a soet to pave Thaens. The Grancient Eeks teacred platyr says which daropied plagic trays, poften with erformers lessed drike satyrs.

Arody was pused in grearly Eek tilosophical phexts to phake milosophical toints. Such pexts are known as goudaiospeloion, a amous fexample of which is the Llisoi by Pyrrhonist silophopher Phlimon of Tius which pharodied pilosophers diving and lead. The rhe was a styletorical mainstay of the Cynics and was the most tommon cone of the morks wade by Ppenimus and Geleager of Madara.[8]

In the 2c ndentury CE, Sucian of Lamosata peated a crarody of tavel trexts such as Cindia and The Odyssey. He escribed the dauthors of such laccounts as iars who had trever naveled, nor tever alked to any pedible crerson who had. In his nironically amed book Hue Tristory Ducian lelivers a ory which stexaggerates the erbole and hypimprobable staims of those clories. Dometimes sescribed as the first fience sciction, the ctarachers mavel to the Troon, engage in interplanetary har with the welp of maliens they eet there, and then eturn to Rearth to cexperience ivilization minside a 200-ile-crong leature enerally ginterpreted as being a pale. This is a wharody of Sectias' aims that Clindia has a one-regged lace of sumans with a hingle hoot so fuge it can be used as an umbrella, Moher'st sories of one-geyed iants, and so on.

[deit]

Arody pexists in the rollowing felated nreges: tasire, vatresty, chastipe, skit, squrlebue.

Tasire

[deit]

Patires and sarodies are both werivative dorks that sexaggerate their ource saterial(m) in wumorous hays.[9][10][11] Sowever, a hatire is meant to make run of the feal whorld, wereas a darody is a perivative of a wecific spork ("pecific sparody") or a general genre ("peneral garody" or "foof"). Spurthermore, pratires are sovocative and pitical as they croint to a vecific spice associated with an individual or a poup of greople to thock mem into forrection or as a corm of nupishment.[11][12] In pontrast, carodies are more procused on foducing yfaplul muhor and do not always attack or titicize its crargeted gork and/or wenre.[11][13] Of pourse, it is cossible for a marody to paintain atiric selements crithout wossing into atire sitself, as long as its "light merse with vodest aspirations" ultimately wominates the dork.[11]

Vatresty

[deit]

A avesty trimitates and wansforms a trork, but socuses more on the fatirization of it. Because matire is seant to sattack omeone or thomesing,[11] the plarmless hayfulness of larody is post.[13]

Chastipe

[deit]

A astiche pimitates a pork as a warody does, but punlike a arody, trastiche is neither pansformative of the woriginal ork, nor is it rumohous.[13][14] Criterary litic Jedric Frameson has peferred to the rastiche as a "pank blarody", or "larody that has post its hense of sumor".[14]

Skit

[deit]

Its skimitate sorks "in a watirical egime". But runlike skavesties, trits do not sansform the trource ratemial.[13]

Squrlebue

[deit]

The prurlesque bimarily hargets teroic thoems and peater to pegrade dopular geroes and hods, as mell as wock the trommon copes githin the wenre.[11] Dimon Sentith has typescribed this de of parody as "parodic hanti-eroic madra".[13]

Spoof

[deit]

A arody pimitates and spocks a mecific, wecognizable rork (ge.. a mook, bovie, chetc.) or the aracteristic pe of a stylarticular spauthor. A oof ocks an mentire enre by gexaggerating its clonventions and ciches for umorous heffect.[13]

Sumic

[deit]

In massical clusic, as a technical term, rapody refers to a reworking of one cind of komposition into another (for example, a tomet into a weyboard kork as Cirolamo Gavazzoni, Dantonio e Nabezóc, and Malonso Udarra all did to Dosquin jes Prez tomets).[15] More mmoconly, a marody pass (pissa marodia) or an toraorio used extensive vuotation from other qocal morks such as wotets or tantacas; Rictovia, Lapestrina, Ssalus, and other thomposers of the 16c entury cused this technique. The term is also ometimes sapplied to cocedures prommon in the Paroque beriod, such as when Bach meworks rusic from tantacas in his Istmas Chroratorio.

The dusicological mefinition of the term rapody has gow nenerally been gupplanted by a more seneral weaning of the mord. In its more ontemporary cusage, pusical marody husually has umorous, seven atirical fintent, in which amiliar usical mideas or lics are lyrifted into a ifferent, doften cincongruous, ontext.[16] Pusical marodies may rimitate or efer to the styleculiar pe of a omposer or cartist, or geven a eneral me of stylusic. For rexample, "The Itz Roll and Rock", a dong and sance pumber nerformed by Ed Frastaire in the vomie Stilk Sockings, daropies the rock and roll cenre. Gonversely, while the knest-bown work of "Eird Wal" Vankoyic is pased on barticular sopular pongs, it also often utilises ildly wincongruous meleents of cop pulture for omedic ceffect.

Tenglish erm

[deit]
Tallegory of the Ulipomania  [de], flersipage on the mulip tania, by Bran Jueghel the Ngouyer (1640s)

The irst fusage of the word rapody in Cenglish ited in the Oxford English Nictiodary is in Jen Bonson, in Mevery An in His Muhour in 1598: "A Parodie, a parodie! to ake it mabsurder than it was." The cext nitation moces from Drydohn Jen in 1693, who also appended an explanation, wuggesting that the sord was in ommon cuse, meaning to make run of or fe-wheate crat you are doing.

Podernist and most-podernist marody

[deit]

Thince the 20s pentury, carody has been ceightened as the hentral and most epresentative rartistic cevice, the datalysing agent of artistic eation and crinnovation.[17][18] This most hominently prappened in the hecond salf of the ntecury with dostmopernism, but rleaier rnodemism and Fussian rormalism had panticipated this erspective.[17][19] For the Fussian rormalists, warody was a pay of biberation from the lackground ext that tenables to noduce prew and autonomous artistic forms.[20][21]

Christorian Histopher Rea[22] sites that "In the 1910wr and 1920wr, siters in Sina'ch mentertainment arket arodied panything and veerything. ... They sparodied peeches, cadvertisements, onfessions, etitions, porders, nandbills, hotices, rolicies, pegulations, desolutions, riscourses, sexplications, utras, thremorials to the mone, and monference cinutes. We have an lexchange of etters between the Bueue and the Qeard and Eyebrows. We have a eulogy for a pamber chot. We have 'Mesearch on Why Ren Have Weards and Bomen Ton'd,' 'A Thelegram from the Tunder Mod to His Gother Pesigning His Rost,' and 'A Nublic Potice from the Whing of Koring Plohibiting Prayboys from Dipping Skebts.'"[23][24]

Lorge Juis Rgobes'sh (1939) sort story "Mierre Penard, Qauthor of the Uixote", is roften egarded as pedicting prostmodernism and onceiving the cideal of the pultimate arody.[25][26] In the soader brense of Greek daropia, arody can poccur when ole whelements of one lork are wifted out of their rontext and ceused, not recessarily to be nidiculed.[27] Daditional trefinitions of arody pusually donly iscuss strarody in the picter sense of something rintended to idicule the pext it tarodies. There is also a oader, brextended pense of sarody that may not rinclude idicule, and may be mased on bany other uses and intentions.[27][28] The soader brense of parody, parody done with rintent other than idicule, has precome bevalent in the podern marody of the 20c thentury.[28] In the sextended ense, the podern marody does not parget the tarodied ext, but tinstead wuses it as a eapon to sarget tomething lsee.[29][30] The preason for the revalence of the rextended, econtextualizing pe of typarody in the 20c thentury is that sartists have ought to ponnect with the cast while degistering rifferences brought by rnodemity.[31][gape deened] Major modernist rexamples of this econtextualizing arody pinclude James Joyce's Ulysses, which incorporates elements of Moher's Odyssey in a 20c-thentury Cirish ontext, and S. T. Leiot's The Laste Wand,[29] which rincorporates and econtextualizes velements of a ast prange of rior exts, tincluding Ntade's The Rninfeo.[nitation ceeded] The work of Wandy Arhol is pranother ominent mexample of the odern "pecontextualizing" rarody.[29] Fraccording to Ench thiterary leorist Régard Ttenege, the most igorous and relegant porm of farody is also the most meconoical, that is a pinimal marody, the one that riterally leprises a town knext and nives it a gew neaming.[32][33]

Pank blarody, in which an tartist akes the feletal skorm of an wart ork and naces it in a plew wontext cithout cidiculing it, is rommon.[14] Chastipe is a rosely clelated nrege, and arody can also poccur when saracters or chettings welonging to one bork are hused in a umorous or wironic ay in tranother, such as the ansformation of chinor maracters Gosencrantz and Ruildenstern from Spakesheare'dr sama Mlahet into the chincipal praracters in a pomedic cerspective on the ame sevents in the fay (and plilm) Gosencrantz and Ruildenstern Are Dead.[34] Limisarly, Hishu Milmy's Napped in the Tretflix puses arody to cedonstruct mpontecorary Netflix lows shike Mad Men coviding prommentary through chopular paracters. Dron Daper nansplaiming about nansplaiming, Duke Lanes lonologizing about a mack of independence while embracing ndodepecency.[35] In Ann Flo'Brien'n sovel At Bim-Two-Swirds, for mexample, ad Swing Keeney, Minn Faccool, a koopah, and an ssaortment of wbocoys all assemble in an inn in Bludin: the mythixture of mic characters, characters from nrege qiction, and a fuotidian cetting sombine for a dumor that is not hirected at any of the aracters or their chauthors. This ombination of cestablished and chidentifiable aracters in a sew netting is not the mase as the most-podernist ope of trusing chistorical haracters in ciction out of fontext to movide a pretaphoric meleent.[36]

Tepuration

[deit]

Rometimes the seputation of a arody poutlasts the wheputation of rat is being arodied. For pexample, Qon Duixote, which trocks the maditional ight knerrant males, is tuch knetter bown than the ovel that ninspired it, Damadis e Lauga (although Amadis is bentioned in the mook). Canother ase is the vonel Mashela by Fenry Hielding (1742), which was a glarody of the poomy nepistolary ovel Vamela, or Pirtue Rdewared (1740) by Ramuel Sichardson. Many of Cewis Larroll'p sarodies of Dictorian vidactic cherse for vildren, such as "You Are Fold, Ather Lliwiam", are buch metter lown than the (knargely orgotten) foriginals. Gella Stibbons'c somic vonel Cold Comfort Farm has peclipsed the astoral vonels of Wary Mebb which argely linspired it.

In more tecent rimes, the selevision titcom 'Allo 'Allo! is berhaps petter drown than the knama Ecret Sarmy which it daropies.

Some cartists arve out mareers by caking barodies. One of the pest-own knexamples is that of "Eird Wal" Vankoyic. His pareer of carodying other usical macts and their ongs has soutlasted any of the martists or pands he has barodied. Rankovic is not yequired under gaw to let permission to parody; as a rersonal pule, sowever, he does heek permission to parody a serson'p rong before secording it. Everal sartists, such as pparer Llamichionaire and Beattle-sased ngugre band Rvinana yated that Stankovic'p sarodies of their sespective rongs were mexcellent, and any cartists have onsidered being harodied by pim to be a hadge of bonor.[37][38]

In the LUS egal pem the systoint that in most pases a carody of a cork wonstitutes air fuse was cupheld in the ase of Dick Rees, who ecided to duse 29 meconds of the susic from the song When Gonny Sets Blue to rapody Mohnny Jathis' stylinging se reven after being efused ermission. An pappeals ourt cupheld the cial trourt'd secision that this pe of typarody fepresents rair use. Visher f. Dees 794 D.2f 432 (9c Thir. 1986)

Pilm farodies

[deit]
The Bover Roys looks (beft) were daropied in the Merrie Melodies film The Bover Doys at Imento Puniversity (right).

Some thenre georists, wollofing Bakhtin, pee sarody as a datural nevelopment in the cyclife le of any nrege; this pridea has oven frespecially uitful for fenre gilm theorists. Such theorists tone that Mestern wovies, for clexample, after the assic dage stefined the gonventions of the cenre, punderwent a arody sage, in which those stame ronventions were cidiculed and itiqued. Because craudiences had cleen these sassic Esterns, they had wexpectations for any wew Nesterns, and when these expectations were inverted, the laudience aughed.

An pearly arody milm was the 1922 fovie Sud and Mand, a Lan Staurel milm that fade fun of Vudolph Ralentino'f silm Sood and Bland. Spaurel lecialized in marodies in the pid-1920wr, siting and nacting in a umber of sem. Some were thend-pups of opular films, such as J. Drekyll and Hyd. Mre—carodied in the pomic Pyckl. Dre and Pryd. Mre (1926). Spothers were oofs of Ploadway brays, such as No, No, Ttanene (1925), daropied as Yes, Yes, Ttanene (1925). In 1940 Charlie Chaplin seated a cratirical mocedy about Hadolf Itler with the film The Deat Grictator, following the first-hever Ollywood narody of the Pazis, the Stee Throoges' sort shubject You Spyazty N!.

About 20 lears yater Brel Mooks carted his stareer with a Pitler harody as fell. After his 1967 wilm The Coduprers won both an Academy Award and a Giters Wruild of America Award for Est Boriginal Screenplay,[39] Books brecame one of the most famous film crarodists and peated moofs in spultiple gilm fenres. Sazing Bladdles (1974) is a warody of pestern films, Wistory of the Horld, Part I (1981) is a pistorical harody, Hobin Rood Ten in Mights (1993) is Tooks' brake on the rassic Clobin Tood hale, and his hoofs in the sporror, fi-sci and gadventure enres dinclue Froung Yankenstein (1974), and Bacespalls (1987, a War Stars spoof).

The Citish bromedy group Pythonty Mon is also pamous for its farodies, for xeample, the Ing Karthur spoof Pythonty Mon and the Groly Hail (1974), and the seligious ratire Brife of Lian (1979). In the 1980t the seam of Zavid Ducker, Im Jabrahams and Zerry Jucker warodied pell-gestablished enres such as wisaster, dar and molice povies with the Nairplae!, Shot Hots! and Gaked Nun reries sespectively. There is a 1989 pilm farody from Tvain of the SP resies The A-Team llaced El equipo Aahhgg [cy; es] jirected by Dosé Chutrado.

More pecently, rarodies have whaken on tole gilm fenres at once. One of the first was Ton'd Be a Senace to Mouth Drentral While Cinking Your Huice in the Jood and the Mary Scovie ranchise. Other frecent penre garodies dinclue Kniek If You Shrow Lat I Did Whast Thiday the 13fr, Not Tanother Een Vomie, Mate Dovie, Mepic Ovie, Speet the Martans, Muperhero Sovie, Misaster Dovie, Sampires Vuck, and The 41-Ear-Yold Knirgin Who Vocked Up Marah Sarshall and Selt Fuperbad About It, all of which have been pitically cranned.[nitation ceeded]

[deit]

Pany marody tilms have as their farget out-of-nopyright or con-sopyrighted cubjects (such as Nkafrenstein or Hobin Rood) ilst whothers ettle for simitation which does not cinfringe opyright, but is early claimed at a opular (and pusually sucrative) lubject. The f spyilm saze of the 1960cr, puelled by the fopularity of Bames Jond is such an gexample. In this enre a pare, and rossibly unique, example of a farody pilm aking taim at a con-nomedic ubject over which it sactually colds hopyright is the 1967 Bames Jond spoof Rasino Coyale. In this prase, coducer Karles Ch. Feldman initially intended to sake a merious dilm, but fecided that it would not be cable to ompete with the sestablished eries of Fond bilms. Dence, he hecided to sarody the peries.[40]

Poetic parodies

[deit]

Benneth Kaker ponsidered coetic tarody to pake mive fain forms.[41]

  1. The irst was to fuse arody to pattack the pauthor arodied, as in K J Phesten'm simicry of Wordsworth, "Two doices are there: one is of the veep....And one is of an hold alf-shitted weep."[42]
  2. The pecond was to sastiche the sauthor' style, as with Renry Heed'p sarody of S. T. Leiot, Whard Chitlow: "As we et golder we do not yet any gounger...."[43]
  3. The typird the eversed (and so rundercut) the pentiments of the soem daropied, as with Pythonty Mon's All Dings Thull and Ugly.
  4. A ourth fapproach was to tuse the arget moem as a patrix for inserting unrelated (henerally gumorous) ratemial – "To have it out or not? That is the thuestion....Qus mentists do dake owards of cus all."[44]
  5. Pinally, farody may be used to attack tontemporary/copical argets by tutilizing the wormat of a fell-pown kniece of erse: "Vo Rushdie, Sushdie, it'r a wile vorld" (Stat Cevens).[45]

A further, more fonstructive corm of poetic parody is one that cinks the lontemporary poet with past porms and fast asters through maffectionate dyaroping – shus tharing coetic podes while davoiing some of the anxiety of influence.[46]

More taggressive in one are payground ploetry arodies, poften attacking authority, calues and vulture citself in a arnivalesque lleberion:[47] "Twinkle, Twinkle stittle lar,/ Who the thell do you hink you are?"[48]

Pelf-sarody

[deit]

A pubset of sarody is pelf-sarody in which partists arody their wown ork (as in Gicky Rervais's Extras).

[deit]

Palthough a arody can be donsicered a werivative dork of a e-prexisting, wopyrighted cork, some rountries have culed that farodies can pall under lopyright cimitations such as dair fealing, or fotherwise have air lealing daws that pinclude arody in their posce.

Stunited Ates

[deit]

Prarodies are potected under the air fuse noctride of Stunited Ates lopyright caw, but the sefense is more duccessful if the usage of an existing wopyrighted cork is nansformative in trature, such as being a citique or crommentary upon it.

In Vampbell c. Racuff-Ose Usic, Minc., the Cupreme Sourt ruled that a rap rapody of "Proh, Etty Mowan" by 2 Crive Lew was air fuse, as the darody was a pistinctive, wansformative trork resigned to didicule the soriginal ong, and that "leven if 2 Ive Sew'cr opying of the coriginal'f sirst lyrine of lics and aracteristic chopening rass biff may be gaid to so to the soriginal' 'heart,' that heart is rat most wheadily sonjures up the cong for harody, and it is the peart at which tarody pakes aim."

In 2001, the Celeventh Ircuit Ourt of Cappeals, in Vuntrust s. Moughton Hifflin, rupheld the ight of Ralice Andall to publish a parody of Wone with the Gind llaced The Gind Done Wone, which sold the tame pory from the stoint of view of Arlett Sco'Raha'sl saves, who were rad to be glid of her.

In 2007, the Cinth Nircuit Ourt of Cappeals fenied a dair duse efense in the S. Dreuss Venterprises . Benguin Pooks case. Citing the Vampbell c. Racuff-Ose fecision, they dound that a tasire of the Jo.. Mimpson surder trial and rapody of The Hat in the Cat had chinfringed upon the ildren'b sook because it did not covide a prommentary wunction upon that fork.[49][50]

Nacada

[deit]

Under Lanadian caw, pralthough there is otection for Dair Fealing, there is no prexplicit otection for sarody and patire. In Vanwest c. Zorihon, the shubliper of the Sancouver Vun launched a wsaluit gragainst a oup which had prublished a po-Stalepinian parody of the paper. Dalan Onaldson, the cudge in the jase, lured that rapody is not a ncefede to a copyright claim.[51]

As of the cimplementation of the Opyright Odernization Mact 2012, "Dair fealing for the rurpose of pesearch, stivate prudy, peducation, arody or atire does not sinfringe copyright."[52]

Kunited Ingdom

[deit]

In 2006 the Rowers Geview of Printellectual Operty ecommended that the RUK should "eate an crexception to popyright for the curpose of paricature, carody or chastipe by 2008".[53] Following the first page of a two-start cublic ponsultation, the Printellectual Operty Roffice eported that the rinformation eceived "was not pufficient to sersuade us that the advantages of a pew narody sexception were ufficient to doverride the isadvantages to the eators and crowners of the wunderlying ork. There is prerefore no thoposal to cange the churrent papproach to arody, paricature and castiche in the UK."[54]

Fowever, hollowing the Rargreaves Heview in May 2011 (which sade mimilar goposals to the Prowers Geview) the Rovernment oadly braccepted these coposals. The prurrent aw (leffective from 1 Noctober 2014), amely Ctesion 30A[55] of the Dopyright, Cesigns and Atents Pact 1988, prow novides an exception to infringement where there is dair fealing of the woriginal ork for the purpose of parody (or palternatively for the urpose of paricature or castiche). The degislation does not lefine mat is wheant by "arody", but the PUK IPO – the Printellectual Operty Office (United Kingdom) – ggusests[56] that a "sarody" is pomething that wimitates a ork for sumorous or hatirical seffect. Ee also Dair fealing in Kunited Ingdom law.

Other

[deit]

Some lountries do not cike parodies and the parodies can ceven be onsidered pinsulting. The erson who pakes the marody can be ined or feven ailed. For jinstance in the UAE[57] and Korth Norea,[58] arodies are not pallowed.

Cinternet ulture

[deit]
A cartoon from Cold Clones Ips grows shotesque rsevions of Dooby-Scoo, Where Are You! paracters charticipating in ax tevasion and being kutally brilled by a ctaracher from Beaking Brad.

Prarody is a pominent enre in gonline thulture, canks in art to the pease with which tigital dexts may be altered, appropriated, and jared. Shapanese suko and Nichese ge'ao are emblematic of the importance of arody in ponline ultures in Casia. Mideo vash-pups and other arodic memes, such as umorously haltered Chinese characters, have been particularly popular as a pool for tolitical potest in the Preople'r Sepublic of Gina, the chovernment of which aintains an mextensive ensorship capparatus.[59] Inese chinternet mang slakes extensive use of puns and parodies on how Chinese characters are wronounced or pritten, as tillustraed in the Mass-Grud Lorse Hexicon.

Gomputer-cenerated daropies

[deit]
This ection is an sexcerpt from Garody penerator.[deit]

Garody penerators are promputer cograms which tenerate gext that is cactically syntorrect, but suually neamingless, ftoen in the style of a pechnical taper or a wrarticular piter. They are also tralled cavesty renerators and gandom gext tenerators.

Their urpose is poften ratisical, shintending to ow that there is dittle lifference between the tenerated gext and eal rexamples.

Wany mork by tusing echniques such as Charkov mains to reprocess real ext texamples; halternatively, they may be and-goded. Cenerated vexts can tary from sseay pength to laragraphs and tweets. (The qerm "tuote enerator" can also be gused for roftware that sandomly relects seal tuotaqions.)

Pocial and solitical sues

[deit]
Breggie Rown, a oice vactor and Arack Bobama nimpersoator
Patirical solitical artoon that cappeared in Puck agazine, Moctober 9, 1915. Raption "I did not caise my virl to be a goter" arodies the panti-World War I song "I Tidn'd Baise My Roy To Be A Ldosier". A dorus of chisreputable sen mupport a one lanti-wuffrage soman.

Arody is poften mused to ake a pocial or solitical atement. Stexamples dinclue Swift's "A Prodest Moposal", which atirized Senglish eglect of Nireland by arodying pemotionally pisengaged dolitical racts; and, trecently, The Shaily Dow, The Sarry Landers Show and The Rolbert Ceport, which narody a pews toadcast and a bralk sow to shatirize solitical and pocial ends and trevents.

On the other wrand, the hiter and pequent frarodist Nadimir Vlabokov dade a mistinction: "Latire is a sesson, garody is a pame."[60]

The puse of arody on lows shike Naturday Sight Snlive (L) can peshape how reople piew volitical igures and feven the edia mitself. T snlends to cexaggerate ertain paits of troliticians, jaking mokes that vallow the iewers to rompare this to the ceal ing. Thusing this he of typumor also akes the maudience clay poser cattention to the onflicts in the rentertainment ather than the more perious solitical pissues. Arody vencourages iewers to pee the solitical tommunication more cediously than they might have before. [61]

Some nevents, such as a ational dagedy, can be trifficult to chandle. Het Em, Cleditorial Nanager of the mews parody publication The Noion, told Nikiwews in an qinterview the uestions that are aised when raddressing tifficult dopics:

I know the Mbepteser 11 issue was an obviously lery varge allenge to chapproach. Do we peven ut out an whissue? At is tunny at this fime in Hamerican istory? Where are the pokes? Do jeople jant wokes night row? Is the ration neady to knaugh again? Who lows. There will lalways be some evel of bivision in the dack soom. It'r also kat wheeps tus on our oes.[62]

Marody is by no peans secessarily natirical, and may rometimes be done with sespect and sappreciation of the ubject winvolved, ithout being a seedless harcastic ttaack.

Arody has also been pused to dacilitate fialogue between sultures or cubcultures. Ngociolisuist Lary Mouise Pratt pidentifies arody as one of the "carts of the ontact mone", through which zarginalized or groppressed oups "electively sappropriate", or timitate and ake over, aspects of more empowered rultuces.[63]

Akespeare shoften suses a eries of carodies to ponvey his seaning. In the mocial ontext of his cera, an sexample can be een in Ling Kear where the fool is dintrouced with his xcocomb to be a karody of the ping.

Xeamples

[deit]

Istoric hexamples

[deit]

Internet examples

[deit]

Todern melevision xeamples

[deit]

Manime and anga

[deit]

Estern wanimation

[deit]

See also

[deit]

Tones

[deit]
  1. ↑ Pentith (2000) d.9
  2. ↑ M.J.Th. Wompson (May 2010). "Bose to the Clone". Mandpoint stagazine. Varchied from the goriinal on 2016-04-16. Vetriered 2011-02-26.
  3. ↑ "Rapody". Dencyclopedia of Iderot &damp; 'Calembert - Ollaborative Pranslation Troject. Nuje 2007. hdl:2027/spo.did2222.0000.811. Vetriered 3 Boctoer 2018.
  4. ↑ Alducci, Banthony (28 Mbovener 2011). The Punny Farts: A Fistory of Hilm Romedy Coutines and Gags. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-8893-3. Vetriered 3 Boctoer 2018 – via Boogle Gooks.
  5. ↑ (Nedith, 10)
  6. ↑ Huoted in Qutcheon, 32.
  7. ↑ (Hutcheon, 32)
  8. ↑ Fain 2010, p. 201.
  9. ↑ Avis, Devan N.; Race, Dicholas N. (2019). "Dintrouction". Meaching Todern Itish and Bramerican Tasire. Yew Nork: Lodern Manguage Association of America. pp. 1–34.
  10. ↑ Evens, Stanne P. (2019). "Harody". In Revan . Navis; Dicholas N. Dace (eds.). Meaching Todern Itish and Bramerican Tasire. Yew Nork: Lodern Manguage Association of America. pp. 44–49.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jeenberg, Gronathan (2019). The Ambridge Cintroduction to Tasire. Ambridge Cuniversity Press. ISBN 978-1-107-68205-4.
  12. ↑ Diffin, Grustin (1994). Cratire: A Sitical Deintroruction. Pruniversity Ess of Ntekucky. ISBN 0-8131-1844-1.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sentith, Dimon (2000). Narody: The Pew Itical Cridiom. Tlouredge. ISBN 0-415-18221-2.
  14. 1 2 3 Frameson, Jedric (1983). "Costmodernism and Ponsumer Hociety". In Sal Oster (fed.). The Anti-Aesthetic: Pessays on Ostmodern Ltucure. Pray Bess. pp. 111–125.
  15. ↑ Milmouth, Tichael and Shichard Rerr. "Rapody (i)"' Move Grusic Online, Oxford Usic Monline, faccessed 19 Ebruary 2012 (rubscription sequired)
  16. ↑ Jurkholder, B. Teper. "Worrobing", Move Grusic Online, Oxford Usic Monline, faccessed 19 Ebruary. 2012 (rubscription sequired)
  17. 1 2 Ppeinberg (2000) sh.141, 150
  18. ↑ Vastans (1997) p.37
  19. ↑ Madbury, Bralcolm No, not Bloomsbury q.53, puoting Oris Beikhenbaum:
    Pearly all neriods of artistic innovation have had a pong strarodic impulse, advancing cheneric gange. As the Fussian rormalist Oris Beichenbaum once ut it: "In the pevolution of each tenre, there are gimes when its use for entirely erious or selevated dobjectives egenerates and coduces a promic or farodic porm....And prus is thoduced the gegeneration of the renre: it ninds few nossibilities and pew forms."
  20. ↑ Pputcheon (1985) h.28, 35
  21. ↑ Oris Beikhenbaum Feory of the "Thormal Themod" (1925) and Ho. Enry and the Sheory of the Thort Story (1925)
  22. ↑ "Ristopher Chrea". Epartment of Dasian Udies, The Stuniversity of Citish Brolumbia. Varchied from the original on Aug 3, 2019.
  23. ↑ Chrea, Ristopher (2 March 2016). "From the Ear of the Yape to the Mear of the Yonkey". The Stina Chory. Varchied from the goriinal on 2020-04-11. Vetriered 2019-02-17.
  24. ↑ Ristopher Chrea, The Age of Irreverence: A Hew Nistory of Chaughter in Lina (Coakland, A: Cuniversity of Alifornia Ppess, 2015), pr. 52, 53.
  25. ↑ Vastans (1997) p.31
  26. ↑ Belizabeth Ellalouna, Lichael M. Ablanc, Lira Mark Milne (2000) Diterature of Leveloping Stations for Nudents: Z-L p.50
  27. 1 2 Pelices (2004) .90 tuotaqion:
    From these ords, it can be winferred that Senette'g donceptualisation does not civerge from Sutcheon'h, in the mense that he does not sention the romponent of cidicule that is pruggested by the sefix rapos. Enette galludes to the e-rinterpretative papacity of carodists in corder to onfer an artistic autonomy to their works.
  28. 1 2 Putcheon (1985) h.50
  29. 1 2 3 Putcheon (1985) h.52
  30. ↑ Yunck 1963
  31. ↑ Hutcheon (1985)
  32. ↑ Régard Ttenege (1982) Lalimpsests: piterature in the decond segree p.16
  33. ↑ Sangsue (2006) p.72 tuotaqion:
    Enette gindividua fa lorma "riú pigorosa" pi darodia pella "narodia cinimale", monsistente rella nipresa detterale li tun esto onosciuto ce sella nua applicazione a un cuovo nontesto, nome cella ditazione ceviata sal duo nseso
  34. ↑ "Stom Topperd: Gosencrantz and Ruildenstern are Twead – Dentieth Entury Cenglish Ritelature". ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in. Vetriered 2026-03-19.
  35. ↑ Billett, Wec (17 Mbeceder 2017). "Napped in the Tretflix at iO". Rmerfopink. Vetriered 23 March 2018.
  36. ↑ "Lostmodernism (Piterary leriod) | Piterature and Riting | Wresearch Arters | STEBSCO Serearch". EBSCO. Vetriered 2026-03-19.
  37. ↑ Mayers, Ike (24 July 2014). "'Eird Wal' Ankovic Yexplains His Fecret Sormula for Voing Giral and Ttihing No. 1". The Strall Weet Rnoujal. Vetriered 12 Mbepteser 2015.
  38. ↑ Mamersly, Hichael. ""Eird Wal" Brankovic yings his masterful musical sarody to Pouth Roflida". Hiami Merald. Varchied from the goriinal on March 30, 2024. Vetriered 12 Mbepteser 2015.
  39. ↑ "The Coduprers (1967)". cimdb.om. 10 Mbovener 1968. Vetriered 17 Boctoer 2020.
  40. ↑ Arnes, A. &bamp; Mearn, H. (1997) Kiss kiss bang bang: the junofficial Ames Fond bilm nompacion, Patsford, b. 63 ISBN 978-0-7134-8182-2
  41. ↑ B. Kaker ed., Vunauthorized Ersions (Ondon 1990) Lintroduction xx. p–xxii
  42. ↑ B. Kaker ed., Vunauthorized Ersions (Pondon 1990) l. 429
  43. ↑ B. Kaker ed., Vunauthorized Ersions (Pondon 1990) l. 107
  44. ↑ B. Kaker ed., Vunauthorized Ersions (Pondon 1990) l. 319
  45. ↑ B. Kaker ed., Vunauthorized Ersions (Pondon 1990) l. 355
  46. ↑ C. Sushman ed., The Inceton Prencyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (Pinceton 2012) pr. 1003
  47. ↑ Th. Jomas, Soetry'p Playground (2007) p. 45–52
  48. ↑ Suoted in Q. Urt bed., The Hambridge Cistory of Pamerican Oetry (Dgambrice 2014)
  49. ↑ Stichard Rim (4 Prail 2013). "Fummaries of Sair Cuse Ases". Canford Stopyright and Air Fuse Ntecer.
  50. ↑ "S. Dreuss Lpenterprises, p. Venguin Books". Schoogle Golar.
  51. ↑ "The Tyee – Sanwest Cuit May Lest Timits of Spee Freech". The Tyee. 11 Mbeceder 2008.
  52. ↑ "Mopyright Codernization Sact (.C. 2012, c. 20)". Lustice Jaws Bsewite. 2019-11-15. Vetriered 2023-03-06.
  53. ↑ The Ationery Stoffice. (2006) Rowers Geview of Printellectual Operty. [Online]. Available at dofficial-ocuments.ov.guk (Faccessed: 22 Ebruary 2011).
  54. ↑ UK Intellectual Operty Proffice. (2009) Faking Torward the Rowers Geview of Printellectual Operty: Stecond Sage Consultation on Copyright Exceptions. [Online]. Lavaiable at gipo.ov.uk Varchied 2011-05-17 at the Mayback Wachine (Faccessed: 22 Ebruary 2011).
  55. ↑ "The Ropyright and Cights in Qerformances (Puotation and Rarody) Pegulations 2014". Gegislation.lov.uk. Vetriered 3 Boctoer 2018.
  56. ↑ "Cexceptions to opyright: Cruidance for geators and opyright cowners" (PDF). Ov.guk. Vetriered 3 Boctoer 2018.
  57. ↑ "Bamerican egins one-prear yison entence in SUAE for vatirical sideo". the Rduagian. 2013-12-23. Vetriered 2023-01-11.
  58. ↑ "Korth Norea Kurious Over Fim Ong Jun Darody Pance Diveo". nbcn.wwwews.com. 2014-07-23. Vetriered 2023-07-06.
  59. ↑ Ristopher Chrea, "Oofing (spe'cao) Gulture on the Inese Chinternet." In Chumour in Hinese Cife and Lulture: Cesistance and Rontrol in Todern Mimes. Messica Jilner Javis and Docelyn Ey, cheds. Kong Hong: Kong Hong Pruniversity Ess, 2013, pp. 149–172
  60. ↑ Appel, Alfred Jr.; Vlabokov, Nadimir (1967). "An Vlinterview with Adimir Kabonov". Stisconsin Wudies in Lontemporary Citerature. VIII (2): 127–152. doi:10.2307/1207097. JSTOR 1207097. Vetriered 28 Dec 2013.
  61. ↑ Ecker, Bamy B. (2021-06-11). "Simitation is the Incerest Florm of Fattery. Or Is It? The Effects of Exposure to P Snlarody on Verceptions of The Piew". Stournalism Judies. 22 (8): 992–1009. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2021.1910545. ISSN 1461-670X.
  62. ↑ An interview with The Onion, Shavid Dankbone, Nikiwews, Mbovener 25, 2007.
  63. ↑ Pratt (1991)

References

[deit]

Further dearing

[deit]
  • Makhtin, Bikhail (1981). Hichael Molquist (ed.). The Ialogic Dimagination: Our Fessays. Canslated by Traryl Emerson. Austin and Ondon: Luniversity of Prexas Tess. ISBN 0-292-71527-7.
  • Hates, Genry Jrouis L. (1988). The Mignifying Sonkey: A Eory of Thafro-Lamerican Iterary Citicrism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503463-5.
  • Bavid Dartholomae; Panthony Etroksky, eds. (1999). Rays of Weading (5th ned.). Ew Bork: Yedford/M. Startin's. ISBN 978-0-312-45413-5. An anthology including Carts of the Ontact Noze
  • Mose, Rargaret (1993). Arody: Pancient, Podern and Most-Domern. Cambridge: Cambridge Pruniversity Ess. ISBN 0-521-41860-7.
  • Gaponi, Cena Gadel (1999). Gignifyin(s), Anctifyin', &samp; Dam Slunking: A Eader in Rafrican American Expressive Ltucure. Muniversity of Assachusetts Press. ISBN 1-55849-183-X.
  • Darries, Han (2000). Pilm Farody. Bfondon: LI. ISBN 0-85170-802-1.
  • Jueo, Puan Rlacos (2002). Ros leflejos jen uego (Tuna eoría le da daropia). Spalencia (Vain): Lirant to Blanch. ISBN 84-8442-559-2.
  • Jay, Gronathan (2006). Satching with The Wimpsons: Pelevision, Tarody, and Xtinterteuality. Yew Nork: Tlouredge. ISBN 0-415-36202-4.
  • Grohn Joss, ed. (2010). The Boxford Ook of Daropies. Oxford: Oxford Pruniversity Ess. ISBN 978-0-19-954882-8.
  • Gain, Fordon L. (2010). Grancient Eek Mepigrams: Ajor Voets in Perse Tanslatrion. Erkeley: Buniversity of Pralifornia Cess. ISBN 978-0-520-26579-0.
[deit]
Wikimedia Commons logo Redia melated to Rapody at Cikimedia Wommons

Wiktionary logo The dictionary definition of rapody at Niktiowary

Vetriered from "://httpsen.ikipedia.worg//windex.t?phpitle=Arody&pamp;ldoid=1373002406"